Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern in our country, because of placing in top three most common causes of death and substantial direct and indirect costs to society. The incidence of TBI in our country is 1.7 times of international incidence. Traumatic brain injury induced by primary and secondary mechanisms that give rise to death and neurologic morbidity in patients. Understanding the Pathogenesis and interacting mechanisms of secondary insult may decrease mortality and morbidity of injury. Inflammation is one of the strong theories and understanding the inflammatory mechanism of TBI may conduct us to better prevention and treatment of secondary insults. Neuroinflammation after TBI can have both detrimental and beneficial effects. These effects probably differ in acute and chronic phases. Minimizing the detrimental effect of neuroinflammation may be the key point in the neuroprotective treatment after TBI in the future. We are going to discuss about all of these effects and how we can use these mechanism in clinic and improve the mortality and morbidity of TBI.