Life traumatic experiences are major health problems in different communities. Early trauma exposures such as physical and sexual abuse, and midlife traumatic events like exposing to disasters are predisposing and precipitating risk factors for many psychiatric disorders, although many people facing to trauma may not show any problematic symptoms and are quite resilient. Neuropsychiatric evidences show that exposing to a traumatic event, especially in childhood, may render structural and functional changes of neural system and brain, leading to psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia and substance use disorder (SUD). The relationship between trauma exposure and SUD has been well established. About 2/3 of substance users have a history of exposing to trauma and alcohol and substance use are leading co-morbid conditions in male and female cases of PTSD. There are many reasons people exposing to trauma tend to use substances, like self-medication, avoiding negative experiences and emotions, recreation and re-experience of traumatic events and etc. This review indicates of some reasons of this comorbidity.

Neuropsychological approach tries to link behavior with brain functions. One of the structural changes and functional disorders that is, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This impaired memory function, learning, emotional processing and cognitive and structural changes in the brain. Various aspects of neuropsychological function have been reported to be abnormal in (PTSD); however, the majority of these data come from studies of seriously ill, treatment-seeking samples with substantial substance use comorbidity. The article is intended neuropsychological status, structural changes and outcomes through systematic review from 1995 to 2017 to examine. The methodology of systematic review and select papers for controlled studies of sites Med line, Pubmed, Psycho info, Psycholit is from 1995 to 2017. Results showed that PTSD veterans with substantial substance use comorbidity performed more poorly than the comparison sample on a measure of verbal learning, greater sensitivity to proactive interference, and more perseverative errors. Veterans with PTSD diagnoses also evidenced impairments in word fluency and visual attention/tracking abilities. These preliminary findings suggest that diagnoses of chronic PTSD in combat veterans are associated with cognitive performance deficits. (Uddo & et al., 1995).Previous research on the neuropsychology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has identified several neurocognitive deficits that co-occur with the disorder. However, it remains unclear whether these deficits are due to trauma exposure, PTSD symptomatology or psychiatric/substance abuse comorbidity. Relationships of neuropsychological functioning to measures of psychiatric symptoms and substance abuse were examined. There were very few significant associations between neuropsychological performance and clinical variables, Neuropsychological impairment may not be an invariant feature of PTSD, but when it is present, it may be associated with poorer functional outcomes. (Vanderkok to the Mirzaee 1387) ,The results of neuropsychological performance in patients with PTSD showed disfunctional emotional structure. (Moradi, et al., 2012, Mac Nelly 2007, Mirzaee 2015). Navarz this study showed that between war and recalls related to memory performance in sixty years later, there is a relapse (Navarez et al., 2017). Identifying adaptive ways to cope with extreme stress and substance use is essential to promoting long-term health. Memory systems are highly sensitive to stress, and combat exposure during war has been shown to have deleterious effects on cognitive processes, decades later .The veterans with PTSD performed more poorly on measures of attention and abstract reasoning/executive function. In general research shows that people with PTSD can reduce damage in the prefrontal cortex and medical response, difficulty paying attention, concentration, memory and reduce the size of the hippocampus and amygdala activity also increased exacerbated fears and thrilling. Cognitive rehabilitation training, CBT treatment, especially exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring and medication can improve memory function and information processing in patients with PTSD.

Memory impairment is one of the main features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),There are multiple studies in memory impairment and cognitive function such as memory in a variety of explicit memory, implicit, procedural, active, declarative, revermid ,working, visual, false and autobiographical. The methodology of systematic review were, meta-analyzes and controlled studies of sites Med line, Pubmed, Psycho info, Psycholit is from 1998 to 2016. Jenkins and colleagues in their study found that patients with PTSD associated with damage to the hippocampus in the temporal lobe lesions may reflect issues related to the learning style of visual perception (Jenkins, 1998). The purpose of Moradi et al study was to showed that patients with PTSD in autobiographical memory is more holistic and less specific memories report (Moradi et al., 2010).Jensen and colleagues suggested that previous reports of impaired discrimination performance after medial temporal lobe damage in PTSD patients may reflect impaired learning rather than impaired visual perception. The findings support the fundamental idea that memory is a distinct cerebral function separable from other perceptual and cognitive abilities. (Jensen, 2011). They suggested that even rapidly learned associations can be supported when an incidental encoding procedure termed “fast Mapping” (FM) is used. They tested memory-impaired patients with bilateral damage to hippocampus and patient with PTSD. Participants saw photographs and names of them that were previously unfamiliar. Instead of asking participants to study name–object pairings for a later memory test, participants answered questions that allowed them to infer which object corresponded to particular name. (Christine, 2013).McDermott in his research showed that in patients with PTSD with impaired executive function, working memory is impaired (McDermott, 2016). The researchers found that, explicit memory, implicit, procedural, active, declarative, revermid ,working, visual, false and autobiographical, proprietary significantly are affected in patients with PTSD than other groups (Moradi et al., 2012, MIRZAEI comply, 2015).

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), As disorders  in which psychological symptoms following a stressful event or trauma occurred such as war and floods, accidents, terror and comorbidity between anxiety disorders and complex nature of PTSD , We have to assessments and new treatment demands. The aim of this study was to determine "The most effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing symptoms of veterans with (PTSD)". The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test - post-test and control group. Among all veterans with mental psychiatric in Sadr Psychiatric hospital, 24 people diagnosed with PTSD , selected randomly and divided randomly into two experimental groups and one control group. Metacognition test (MCT) experienced in 10 sessions of metacognition ((Wales)) and mindfulness-based intervention (MBCT) experienced in 10 sessions of mindfulness-based ((William-Segal)) group. DASS-21 as a diagnostic test for anxiety, depression and stress & PCL list screening test based on DSM-5 PTSD with psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-5 was used as evaluation tools and results were recorded. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis and showed between experimental and control groups ,(MCT) scores and  (MBCT) scores  in post-test and pre-test are significant difference (≤0 / 001) and (MCT) in reducing symptoms of chronic PTSD caused by wars is more effective that with (MBCT). The total score of the experimental group significantly reduced PTSD syndrome after the test showed the control group (p≤0 / 05). The results suggest that components in (MCT) and (MBCT) in veterans with PTSD is disrupted. And the use of (MCT) patterns and (MBCT) is effective in reducing symptoms.