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Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ranks among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood. Children with ADHD often exhibit weaker motor and cognitive skills compared to their peers. This study aimed to examine the effects of fundamental motor games on the motor skills of hyperactive children. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. Thirty hyperactive boys aged 8 to 12 from Hamadan, Iran were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Participants’ height, weight, and body mass index were recorded, followed by a pre-test assessment using Ulrich’s Motor Performance Test. The experimental group then participated in fundamental motor games for eight weeks, while the control group continued their regular activities. Afterward, all participants completed a post-test identical to the pre-test. Results: The findings indicated that fundamental motor games significantly improved locomotor and manipulation skills, as well as overall motor competence in children with ADHD. Conclusion: Fundamental motor games can be an effective intervention for enhancing motor skills in hyperactive children and could be incorporated into their developmental programs.
 

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Introduction: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the most common externalizing disorders in children and adolescents and is one of the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric conditions in psychological and psychiatric treatment settings. It is characterized by a recurrent and persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. Social cognition refers to the ability to understand and process social information, as well as to predict and comprehend the behaviors of others. In recent years, social cognition has attracted attention in the field of child development and disorders. This article aims to review the research conducted on the social cognitive functions in children with ODD. Conclusion: Research indicates that children with ODD often exhibit deficits in theory of mind, emotion recognition, interpretation, and other domains of social cognition. These impairments can significantly contribute to behavioral difficulties and problematic social interactions. A better understanding of these aspects can aid in the development of effective interventions to empower children, prevent disorders, and reduce symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in these children.
 

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Introduction: Depression is a common mental disorder that has serious negative effects on individuals' quality of life. Given the increasing prevalence of depression and the complexities of its treatment, examining drug interactions in patients with this disorder is of particular importance. This study aims to systematically investigate common drug interactions in the treatment of depression and their implications in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement principles. Keywords related to depression and drug interactions were searched in both domestic and international databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Out of 81 initial articles, 52 were examined, and after excluding irrelevant papers, 3 final articles that investigated drug interactions in patients with depression were selected. Results: One study examined outpatient prescriptions (3,000 prescriptions) and two studies analyzed hospitalized patients (1,257 records) regarding drug interactions. Reported rates of drug interactions varied widely, ranging from 22.4% to 99.9%. Most interactions involved the concurrent use of multiple antidepressants, particularly those from the tricyclic antidepressant class, and were classified as serious. Conclusion: This study revealed the limited number of investigations into the prevalence and types of drug interactions in patients with depression in Iran, pointing to the need for further research in this field.
 

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Introduction: Today herbal therapy has been developed as a non-invasive and less side effect treat for a variety of diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of anise oil on the hippocampal damages followed by generalized seizures. Materials & Methods: Anise oil was applied before seizure induction in rats. Anise oil was administered at different doses before induction of seizure attacks. Results: Anise oil reduced seizure severity and decreased hippocampal injuries in all treated groups. Conclusion: our findings suggest that anise oil may be a potential therapy in the generalized epilepsy.

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Introduction: The glutamergic receptors affect the synchronization of spike and wave discharges in different animal models of absence seizure. We studied the distribution of a NMDA subtype receptor in CA1 area of the hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Expression of NMDA subreceptor R2, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain, was investigated in rats suffering from absence-like seizures. Results: Rats with absence-like seizures exhibited decreased number of these NMDA subreceptors in the hippocampal formation. Conclusion: Changes of expression of these receptors in the hippocampus may be involved in cognition deficits in absence epilepsy.

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Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) is an intrinsic bioelectrical activity in central nervous system which play important role in pathophysiology of some disorders such as migraine with aura, epilepsy, transient global amnesia, and spinal cord diseases. Materials and Methods: The juvenile rats were anesthetized and recording electrodes and cannula were implanted over the brain. Repetitive cortical SD events were induced by KCl injection through the cannula. Four weeks after the KCl or Ringer injection, all rats, including control, sham and SD groups, were decapitated and the brains removed. The distribution of NR_2B subunit of NMDA receptors and the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Expression of NR_2B receptors in the CA1 region significantly increased in the SD group compared with the sham and control group (P<0.05). Also expression of GluR1 receptors in the CA1 and CA3 regions significantly increased in the SD group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Our result showed that SD enhanced expression of the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors and the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors in various regions of the juvenile rat brain.

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Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) is a pathophysiological phenomenon, which induced as consequence of ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral injury. SD roles in some clinical disorders, including migraine aura, epilepsy, head injury and transient global amnesia, have been documented. SD is a neural hyperactivity, which slowly spread in the brain, passed through neurons or astrocyte, change blood volume, cell metabolism and distribute cell ionic balance. SD is accompanied by a transient hyperactivity, which continues by neuronal depression and hyperexcitability. Conclusion: Various investigation on animal and human brains showed enhancement in NMDA, AMPA, GABA as well as serotonin after SD. This review focuses on wide range of investigation on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters after SD.

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Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a generalized epileptic syndrome. Age of onset is usually between 12 to 18 years. JME consists of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) and typical absence attacks. EEG shows characteristic changes in JME. Long term video-electroencephalography monitoring (VEM) is a helpful diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of patient with unclear history or EEG findings. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of VEM in diagnosis of refractory epileptic patients. Materials and Methods: This study is retrospective and descriptive on patients of Epilepsy Monitoring Unit of Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between March 2011 and March 2012. Telephone interview was scheduled 6-18 months after discharge to evaluate results of VEM on the frequency of seizures, the therapeutic regimes and patients’ quality of life. Results: 24 cases with diagnosis of JME were chosen among 250 patients who were admitted with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen of them were female. The average age of patients was 24 years old and the average duration of the seizure attacks was 12.97 years. The mean frequency of GTCs was 2.76 attacks per month and after VEM and proper treatment, it decreased to 0.27 attacks per month. Conclusion: VEM is a helpful diagnostic procedure for evaluating of refractory JME epileptic patients.

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Introduction: There are some reports on the antiepileptic effects of genus Ferula in the traditional Persian medicine. Due to the side effects of common antiepileptic drugs, effective compounds with fewer side effects are needed. The present study examined the anticonvulsive effects of the methanol extract of Ferula in seizures induced by maximum electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty minutes before the induction of seizures, sixty mice were divided into six groups group I: solvent (10 mg/kg control group), group II: ethosuximide (150 mg/kg as positive control group for PTZ), group III: phenytoin (25 mg/kg as positive control group for MES) and the fourth, fifth, and sixth groups: the methanol extract of Ferula (100, 250, 500 mg/kg). Results: The methanol extract of Ferula did not inhibit the occurrence of seizures induced by PTZ and MES, but significantly increased the latency time in the PTZ model. Conclusion: It seems that the methanol extract of Ferula has different effects in various models of seizures and further investigation is needed.

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Introduction: In spite of several decades of research, the technology of neuronal stimulation only in recent years has become the focus of the treatment of different neurological disorders. The potential use of stimulation of the neuronal tissues ranges from the spinal cord to different brain regions as well as to the implantations of cochlear system and bionic eyes. Electrical high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) was developed as an alternative option to treat a few neurological disorders. However, with advancing in surgical procedures, technologies and safeties, the applications of DBS are expanding not only for therapeutic purposes but also for research. Although the exact mechanisms of actions are not fully understood, the outcome of the ongoing research and clinical trials are promising. DBS has been used to treat the essential tremor since 1997, Parkinson’s disease (PD) since 2002 and dystonia since 2003. It has also been used to treat various psychological disorders, including major depression. Conclusion: Although the therapeutic effect of DBS in PD is well established, in other diseases, such as epilepsy, the outcome is still unclear and ambiguous. This article is a review of the efficacy of DBS in PD, epilepsy as well as in obsessive compulsive disorder.

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Introduction: The origin of 16% to 30% of low back pain is sacroiliac joint. It is difficult to distinguish the sacroiliac joint pain from other types of low back pain using history and physical examination. Radiological imaging has little role in diagnosis of the sacroiliac joint pain and diagnostic blocks are the gold standard in these patients. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and safety of diagnostic sacroiliac joint block (DSJB) under sonographic guidance. Materials and Methods: This analytic cross sectional study was conducted on 65 patients. DSJB under sonographic guidance was done for all patients with 1 ml radiographic contrast material and 1ml local anesthetic (2% lidocaine). In order to confirm intra-articular injection by sonographic guidance, fluoroscopic spot images were considered. The side effect and positive predictive value of physical provocative tests of sacroiliac joint were evaluated. Results: Of 65 diagnostic blocks, after fluoroscopic confirmation, 62 injections were intra-articular and only 3 were peri-articular. There was a significant statistical correlation between procedure time and patients' body mass index. 3 and 4 to 6 positive provocative tests of sacroiliac joint resulted in a positive predictive value of 83.3% and 93.3%, respectively. The procedure had no side effect and complication. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, diagnostic block of sacroiliac joint under sonographic guidance has reasonable accuracy without side effects. If performed by experienced clinicians in nerve block under sonographic guidance, it can be valuable alternative method for other guidance modalities in diagnosis of patient with sacroiliac joint pain.

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Introduction: The ability to induce pluripotency in somatic cells by reprogramming factors offers new opportunities for drug discovery and cell therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate to various cell types, such as neural and glial cells. Astrocytes, the major glial cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in the function of the brain by regulating of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, feeding and protection of neurons as well as modulating the activity of microglia. Microglia over-activation can be resulted in brain inflammation with subsequent susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Hypothesis: For many years, embryonic Stem cell transplantation has been examined to prevent seizure attacks in epilepsy. These studies have indicated that adult cells from patient have the ability to be transformed to embryonic stage and convert to a pluripotent stem cell by using some Transcription factors (such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Rex1, Klf, c-Myc and LIN28). Accordingly, fibroblasts from an epileptic have also been reprogrammed to embryonic stage. The resulting iPS cells are isogenic to patient and are able to transform to neurons or glia in a suitable culture condition. Previous studies on ES cell therapy have focused more on neurons than astrocytes. Astrocytes, by secretion of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, not only regulate the different microglial activities, such as proliferation, migration and cell adhesion, but can also reduce destructive effects of microglia. Conclusion: In this hypothesis, we suggest a reprogramming system for generating functional astrocyte from human pluripotent stem cell in the presence of neural growth factors. We hypothesize that these cells might reduce neuroinflammation induced by microglia and subsequent susceptibility to seizure. The reprogrammed cells could be used in cell replacement therapy of epilepsy.

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Most of the disasters such as earthquakes can impact on mental health and personal development of children. This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy (TF-CBT) in reduce the anxiety among children survivors of earthquake in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran. The sample was composed of 30 children exposed to the earthquakes. One year after the earthquakes, all subjects were approached with questions from a survey consisting of the Measures were administrated in a standard order as follows: Demographic Data Sheet, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), and State - Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Our findings show that TF-CBT has influence on anxiety of children survivors of earthquake. So, we can definitely say that TF-CBT had significantly reduced anxiety scores of adolescent survivors in experimental group. After a catastrophic natural disaster, children are at risk for co-morbid PTSD, dissociation and depression. Early clinical intervention on anxiety is recommended to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress reactions and other mental problems. The results of this study may be helpful for further mental health interventions for children after earthquakes.

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This workshop is an evidence-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) training for mental health professionals and counselling graduate students in group therapy for anxiety disorders. The “transdiagnostic” approach is gaining widespread acceptance because it enables therapists to treat a variety of anxiety disorders using a common group protocol. Training will focus specifically on delivering Transdiagnostic CBT, with an emphasis on Cognitive Restructuring (Thought Challenging) and Exposure Therapy. At the conclusion of the workshop, participants will: • understand the basic strategies involved in providing group-based CBT for Anxiety Disorders. • understand the issues and approaches to treating anxiety disorders from a transdiagnostic framework. • be able to begin implementing transdiagnostic group CBT for Anxiety Disorders. Handouts, materials, and resources will be provided.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after a terrifying event involving physical injury or the threat of physical harm in war. Eight years of war after Iraq attacked Iran (between 1980-1988) caused thousands of PTSD among Iranian soldiers as well as civilians. Many of those people are suffering several decades from this form of anxiety most now a complicated form of complex PTSD. Years of war in Iraq and Afghanistan have brought PTSD among soldiers to the attention of the Western scientific societies. PTSD is currently the subject of many research studies. In this session, several of these complicated patients will be introduced in this session and discussion will be aimed to find the best way of the management for them.

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It is estimated that 8-22% of children and adolescents experience anxiety during their childhood. Different forms of anxiety, such as social anxiety, separation anxiety, etc. may affect the normal life of children and influence their mental health through their life. Some anxious children will grow out of their problems, but others will keep having trouble with anxiety unless they get professional help. Recognizing anxiety in these children and accurate treatment has an important impact on their life in the future. In addition, prevention of anxiety in children is a crucial factor for maintenance of public health. In this session, the latest scientific findings on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents will be discussed.

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Using theater in the treatment as well as education traced back to several thousand years ago. In fact, drama therapy has been used for a long time in clinics and rehabilitation/treatment centers. Children theater experts intend to adopt this approach outside of the confined framework of clinics and make it as a general method in the society. In other words, let it face the theater’s large audience, cause change and undergo change in itself. As far as working with all children is concerned, it is perhaps better to use the general term “theater-life”, meaning the use of theater in real world scenarios for achieving a profound outlook to a vibrant life. Why theater? The deep influence of groups over individuals is known to all, which explains the effectiveness of group therapy. When speaking of the role of theater in improvement or treatment of children’s behavioral abnormalities, it is important to emphasize the active and constructive role of interactions. Our attitudes consist of three distinctive dimensions: emotional, cognitive and physical. Our attitudes and perceptions are shaped and recognized in practice. No attitude is established before being demonstrated in our behavior. In fact, it is our behavior that reveals our attitudes and perception of realities. Similarly in theater, body is united the soul and “individual” is in fact demonstrated in its wholeness. Therefore, all aspects of human existence are addressed in theater and this is the key benefit of “theater-life”. Drama therapy in Iran is uncommon practice for certain reasons. Some sub-categorize it under dramatic arts, and to some others it is considered a method used by psychologists in treating certain mental disorders (because of the suffix “-therapy”) and therefore not usable for the general public. Hardly, though, most psychologists show any inclination in making use of drama therapy as an effective treatment method, which is due to their lack of awareness of the potential benefits of dramatic arts. In this workshop, experts will try to share their knowledge and experience about therapeutic theater with emphasis on the issue of stress and mental pressures in children.

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Based on Bowen family systems theory, one of the sources of chronic anxiety is the level of differentiation of self or emotional maturity in the family of origin: the lower level of differentiation results in less adaptiveness to stress, higher chronic anxiety in a relationship system, greater strain on adaptive capabilities and higher health problems and anxiety disorders. So, the goal of this study has been to examine the relationship between differentiation of self and two symptoms of chronic anxiety in family, namely quality of relationship with parents and health dimensions in an Iranian college student sample. A convenient sample of 210 students (102 women and 108 men) participated in the study. They were selected from the college student population who were studying in Tehran. This is a correlational study that used standard and hierarchical regression analyses for data analyzing. Participants responded to the differentiation of self inventory (DSI), the quality of relationships inventory (QRI) and the world health organization quality of life-100 (WHOQOL-BREF). The results indicate that the level of differentiation of self in the family of origin as the source of chronic anxiety has an influence on conflict with parents and physical, psychological and social health. Also, support has been found for moderating and mediating mechanisms and the results indicate that persons who are more differentiated experience less conflict with parents and report better social health than those who are less differentiated. These results support the initially cross-cultural validity of Bowen family systems theory and extend it by supporting some mechanisms that explain how the level of emotional immaturity in the context of family of origin as the source of chronic anxiety leads to personal and interpersonal health difficulties. Furthermore, these results can help therapists for providing some therapy programs.

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Reports indicate that one of the causes of harmful to the genital system, especially the testes is stress. Result of damage to testicular quality certainly will affect the quality of sperm fertility. Stress could be created secondarily after some pathological conditions such as neurological diseases or environmental factors. One of the causes of stress could be scary voices, such as cat voice for mice. In this study we aimed to investigate the fertility quality in the animals that were exposed against cat voice to induce stress by using in vitro fertilization (IVF). Twenty male and clinically healthy mice (20-25 g and 6-8 weeks old) were divided to 2 groups including control and test groups. The stress was induced by using cat voice. The control animals were placed in a quiet environment and the test group was kept in a stressful environment. Cat voice was administered each 2 h for 35 days. At the end of experiment the semen samples were collected from epididymis for IVF study with healthy oocytes. Finally we counts fertilized oocytes, two-cell stage oocytes, blastocyst and stopped oocytes. The results of this study showed that despite the decrease in the fertility quality in the test group compared with the control group, however, the differences were not significant (P>0.05). These results indicate that the stress has little effect on the in-vitro fertilization quality of mouse sperm.

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The current study aims at studying the relationship between the religious attitudes and the coping skills and the subjective well-being of the students of the Azad University, Gorgan branch. To do this, 357 female and male students of the Azad University of Gorgan were randomly selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected by using a questionnaire on assessing the religious attitudes (RAQ) (to assess their Islamic attitude), a questionnaire on Lazarus coping ways (WOCQ), a questionnaire on positive and negative affects scale by Mroczek and Kolarz and a questionnaire on the life satisfaction scale by Diener. Pearson correlation, multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results show that there are meaningful relationships between the religious attitude and the subjective well-being, and the coping skills and the subjective well-being. The dimensions of the coping skills, problem-focused coping and subjective well-being showed a significant positive relationship and there is no relationship between emotion-focused coping and subjective well-being.