Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 Relationship between Attachment Styles to Somatization and Anxiety 1 8 FA Shima Pajouhinia Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Reza Faraji Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hasan Fatemi Ardestani Department of Qur'an and Hadith Sciences, Usul Al Deen College, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Attachment theory is one of the appropriate models for understanding the adaptive and maladaptive methods that people are faced multiple developmental challenges by these models. Secure attachment Experience is necessary for healthy and normal development, and it is the substructure of mental health functioning. This study examined the relationship between attachment styles with anxiety and somatization disorders. Materials and Methods: The research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population comprised of all students at coed universities in Tehran. A group of 384 male and female students (due to the population size by using the Cochran formula), using random multiple cluster sampling method, were selected. The adult attachment inventory (AAI) and the symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R) were completed by these students. For data analysis, correlation coefficients and regression analysis were used. Results: Our data revealed a significant correlation between attachment style and vulnerability to anxiety and somatization disorders. Conclusion: Insecure attachment styles (ambivalent and avoidant) can play an important role in the creation and maintenance of anxiety and somatization disorders. Therefore, evaluation of these traumatic factors can lead to a new orientation in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disorders mentioned above.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 Effect of Lithium Chloride on Serum Levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and Wet Weight of Brain in an Animal Model of Depression 9 19 FA Marzieh Moghadas a.Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran. b. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh a.Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran. b. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Mahmoud Hosseini Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Introduction: Pathophysiology of depression is a controversial issue. Hippocampal lesions could lead into depression as well as to changing the levels of several cytokines, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α). The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of depression induced by trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication and to study the effect chronic administration of lithium chloride (Li) on depression in this animal model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into TMT+Li20, TMT+Li40, TMT+ Li80 and TMT+Salin groups, which were received 8 mg/kg TMT and 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg of Li or saline, respectively, for fourteen days. In order to define the depression level, the immobility time of the rats was measured in the forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). Then, the serum level of TNF-α, BDNF and wet weight of the brains were measured. Results: The immobility time in FST and TST was longer in the rats who received TMT, whereas the rats receiving Li showed a significantly less immobility compared to the TMT+Saline group. In addition, Li administration increased the serum level of BDNF and wet weight of the brains and decreased the TNF-α level compared to the TMT+Saline group. Conclusion: The decrease in BDNF or the increase in inflammation factors (especially TNF-α) occurred in accompany by depression symptoms in TMT intoxication model. On the other hand, chronic administration of Li may modulate the cytokines and amelioration of behavioral symptoms.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 The Relationship between Spiritual and Moral Intelligence with the Meaning of Life among the Volunteers of the Emergent Reaction 20 29 FA Sadigheh Golipour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. Sara Haghighat Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. Davood Manavipour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. Introduction: The volunteers of the emergent reaction are the groups of people who play a vital role after natural disasters and events. The meaning of life can have the vital role in the stability, internal motivation, and the achievement of these people during their rescue activities. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and moral intelligence as important variables in the meaning of life among a group of Iranian volunteers of the emergent reaction in 2013-2014. Materials and Methods: The research population includes all the volunteers of emergency reaction in Shahr-e Rey, Tehran, Iran. The research sample included 184 men and women who were selected by multistage random sampling method. To measure the variables, spiritual intelligence, moral intelligence, and the meaning of life questionnaires were used. Pearson correlation, multivariate regressions analyses, and T-tests were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The results revealed a significant positive relationship between the meaning of life and spiritual intelligence as well as the meaning of life and moral intelligence. The results were exposed that spiritual intelligence explains 5.6 percent of the observed difference in the meaning of life among men and 18.6 among women. In addition, moral intelligence explains the variation of life meaning among 13.2% of men and 6.8% of women. There was no significant relationship between spiritual intelligence, moral intelligence, and meaning of life between men and women. Conclusion: These data suggest the crucial role of spiritual and moral intelligence with the meaning of life in the volunteers of the emergent reaction.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 The Effect of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis 30 36 FA Maryam Abolhasani a. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. b. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi a. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. b. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansoureh Togha Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraian Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Solmaz Sadr-Jahani Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Fatigue is considered to be one of the main causes of im‌paired quality of life among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Creatine enhances ATP synthesis and possesses antioxidant properties. There has been interest in the use of creatine supplement for fatigue and muscle strength in neurological disorders. It has previously been reported that, using 20 gram/day creatine supplement for 5-7 days followed by 5 gram/day for another 7 days did not ameliorate fatigue in patients with MS. In this study, we aimed to determine whether longer application of creatine supplement would be effective in controlling fatigue in these patients. Materials and Methods: In a double-blind controlled trial, 20 patients with MS with fatigue and mild to moderate disability were randomly assigned to creatine (10 gram, two times a day for 14 days) and placebo (10 patients in each group). Fatigue was assessed at baseline and after 14 days using fatigue severity scale (FSS). Results: No significant differences were observed between FSS score before and after the intervention. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the experimental groups in the mean difference of FSS. Conclusion: Creatine supplementation had no significant effect on fatigue score even after longer administration.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 The Effects of Long-Term Administration of Methamphetamine on the Cerebellum of the Male Mice: a Stereological Study 37 45 FA Razieh Kamali Ardakani Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Hossein Nahangi Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Maryam Yadegari Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Hosseini-Sharifabad Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant and one of the most common drugs which used in the United States and some Asian countries like Japan. Its use has been increased in the recent years in Iran. Using histological and stereological methods the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term administration of methamphetamine on the number and size of different cell layers of the cerebellum in mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male mice (weight: 45gr, age: 8 weeks) were divided into three groups (10 mice each group) and group I (control) received normal saline and groups II and III received methamphetamine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg respectively), intra-peritoneally. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine after one month and the cerebellum was removed and fixed in 5% formalin. Then, the left cerebellum hemispheres slides were stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin-eosine method. The volume of cerebellar cortex layers was investigated by Cavalieri's principle, using point counting. To calculate the number of Purkinje and granular cells, physical dissector method was used. Results: Methamphetamine decreased cerebellar volume, the volume of the granular layer, the number of granular and Purkinje cells in both experimental groups compared to control group. Methamphetamine consumption also decreased the volume of molecular layer in the 1 mg/kg group compared to control group. Furthermore, methamphetamine increased the volume of white matter in the 1 mg/kg group compared to control mice and the 0.1 mg/kg group. Conclusion: Methamphetamine reduces the cells and volume of cerebellar possibly due to cell injury and neuronal death. Enhancement of the white matter could be a compensatory reaction to the cerebellum cells loss.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 Neuromarketing: The Cognitive Approaches to Consumer Behavior 46 59 FA Leyla Bayan a. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. b. Faculty of Management and Accounting, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad. Fatemeh Alipour Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Pirhossein Kolivand a. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. b. Public Administration Department, Higher Education Center, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Samaneh Sadat Dastgheib Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Neuromarketing is an interdisciplinary field that is rapidly emerging in the world of consumer cognition research. Furthermore, it is an innovative field of marketing research which challenges the classic marketing model to improve our understanding of the processes associated with purchasing behavior. Neuromarketing is investigating the manner that consumers make the decision to purchase. Based on the neuromarketing concept of decision processing, consumer buying decisions rely on bi-systemic approaches. System 1 is based on fast automatic operations in contrast, decisions driven by System 2 are deliberate, conscious reasoning, and slow. In cognition of the consumer behavior, these processes guide everyday purchasing decisions. Furthermore, neuromarketing is built on the top of at least three basic science fields, including neuroscience, behavioral economics, and social psychology. The aim of this review was to investigate the different aspects of neuroscience involved in neuromarketing. The signals from the human body and brain are important for understanding the origins and operations of neuromarketing measures. Body measures are contained the facial expressions, eye movements, eye blink, startle reflex, behavioral responses, electrodermal activity, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, and respiration. The human brain signals are captured by the blood oxygenation, positron emissions, electrical fields, and magnetic fields. Conclusion: Understanding the basic functions of human brain is crucial in investigation of consumers’ purchasing behaviors.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 Immunomodulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Multiple Sclerosis 60 70 FA Amir Ghaemi a. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. b. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Shahnaz Babaei Abraki Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Sedigheh Ghasemi Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Azadeh Sajadian Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Mansoureh Togha Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of central nervous system that is characterized by the progressive loss of myelin. In addition to immunoregulatory properties, novel MS therapies promote myelin repair activities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been viewed as a potent tool for regenerative and immunosuppressive functions, indicating a potential therapy for MS. MSCs have immunological functions which are exerted by direct cell-to-cell contacts, secretion of stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines, and/or a combination of both mechanisms. Therefore, these cells can inhibit differentiation and proliferation of T-cell and stimulate the Th2 and regulatory T-cells through inhibitory effects on the immune system. Conclusion: In the current review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs in different experimental models of MS.

Shefa Neuroscience Research Center The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2322-1887 2 4 2014 12 1 Magnetic Resonance Tractography and its Clinical Applications 71 78 FA Bahman Jalali Kondori Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Elham Rahimian Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hossein Asadi Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Majid Reza Tahsini Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Magnetic resonance tractography is a method to identifying anatomical connections in the living human brain. This technique uses data obtained from diffusion of water molecules to display two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the nerve fiber tracts through performing computational analysis. Thus, it will be possible to check the status of fibers with performing this technique. It is one of the advance techniques in the field of neuroscience which has a diagnostic potential in neurological diseases, such as brain tumors, normal pressure hydrocephalus, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and a large number of other neurological disorders. Conclusion: Tractography is a useful method to identify nerve tracts non-invasively and in-vivo. Compared to invasive techniques, non-invasive nature and ease of obtaining data enable this method to a suitable technique for pre-operative planning of brain surgery.