1 2322-1887 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center 680 Basic research in Neuroscience The Lithium Chloride Effect on Anxiety, Exploratory Activity, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels of the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of TMT Intoxication Moghadas Marzieh b Edalatmanesh Mohammad Amin c b Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran c Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 1 10 12 08 2015 12 08 2015 Introduction: Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin neurotoxicant which causes selective degeneration in central nervous system such as hippocampus. TMT intoxication is the cause of mood-cognitive and motor deficits in human and rodents. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in the hippocampus and anxiety-exploratory behaviors in TMT intoxication rat model. Materials and Methods: In order to induce intoxication, TMT (8 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to the rats. The test groups (TMT+Li) received 0.5, 1 and 1.5 meq/kg of LiCl respectively and the TMT+Saline group received normal saline for 14 days after TMT intoxication. The elevated plus maze, dark-light box and open field tests were conducted in order to investigate the anxiety symptoms and exploratory behaviors. Then, the hippocampal level of BDNF was measured using ELISA. Results: The findings indicated an increase in anxiety behaviors and a decrease in exploratory ones. In addition, the hippocampal level of BDNF was decreased in the TMT-treated rats. However, LiCl treatment revealed significant effects on decreasing the anxiety level with exploratory behaviors modification in the behavioral tests. Conclusion: LiCl, having sufficient neuroprotective effects, can be used as a solution to manage the anxiety symptoms and cognition deficits after TMT intoxication.
683 Neuropharmacology The Effects of Verapamil and Ethosuximide on the Brain Bioelectrical Activity of WAG/Rij Rats Sadighi Alvandi Mina d Shahabi Parviz e Ghamkhari Nejad Ghazaleh f Hosseinpour Mina g Foolad Forough h d Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran e Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran f Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran g Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran h Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 11 18 31 08 2015 31 08 2015 Introduction: Synchronization of bioelectrical activities of neurons contributes to the initiation of epileptiform activities occurred during a seizure attack. Absence seizures are characterized by synchronous and symmetric 2.5-4 Hz spike-wave discharges in children under 15 years old. More than half of children with absence epilepsy suffer from cognitive, education, and learning difficulties. The amplitude ratio of the theta and alpha waves is a reliable indicator for measuring of learning difficulties in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L- and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers, verapamil and ethosuximide, on the amplitude of electroencephalogram (EEG) waves in WAG/Rij rats, a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Materials and Methods: 18 adult WAG/Rij rats in the age between 4 and 6 months were divided randomly into 3 groups. Using stereotaxic method, cannula was implanted in the peri-oral region of the primary somatosensory cortex for injection of drugs and recording electrodes were placed in the frontal and the occipital cortices. Electroencephalography was recorded 30 minutes before and one hour after drug injection. Results: The power of EEG sub-bands significantly decreased in the first 30 minutes after injection of verapamil and ethosuximide compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our data show that verapamil and ethosuximide can decrease the power of EEG sub-bands. However, they have not noticeable effect on theta to alpha ratio. 678 Psycology The Impact of Spiritual Wellbeing and Resiliency in Predicting Death Anxiety among Elderly People in Tehran Moetamedi Abdullah i Pajouhinia Shima j Fatemi Ardestani Mohammad Hasan k i Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran j Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran k Department of Qur’an and Hadith Sciences, Usul Al Deen College, Tehran, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 19 26 12 08 2015 12 08 2015 Introduction: The Near-death experience is one of the undeniable facts of aging. This study was aimed to examine the role of spiritual wellbeing and resiliency in predicting death anxiety among elderly people in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: The method of this study was descriptive-correlational with the total number of 200 older males who live in Tehran during 2013-2014. The questionnaires of the Spiritual Well-being Scale, Resiliency Scale, and Death Anxiety Scale were used for this investigation. Results: Our findings revealed that there was a negative significant correlation between spiritual wellbeing and resiliency with death anxiety. In addition, the results showed that spiritual wellbeing was a valuable factor in prediction of death anxiety. Conclusion: Our data indicated that resiliency and spiritual wellbeing can be considered as crucial factors in death anxiety among the older adults. 685 Basic research in Neuroscience Immunohistochemical Study of Distribution of GAD and GABA in the Entorhinal Cortex after Spreading Depression in Juvenile Rats Lotfinia Ahmad Ali l Alizadeh Leila m Lotfinia Mahmoud n Sajadian Azadeh o Ghaemi Amir p l Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran m Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran n School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran o Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran p a. Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran b. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 27 34 07 09 2015 07 09 2015 Introduction: Spreading depression (SD), discovered by Leao in 1944, is a pathophysiological depolarization wave that propagates slowly in the brain (3 mm/min) and causes dramatic ionic and hemodynamic changes. SD appears to act through several mechanisms and receptors, which have not completely understood. Here, we studied the effect of inhibitory system in animal model of SD using immunohistochemistry technique. Materials and Methods: After implanting recording electrodes and cannula over the brain, repetitive SD was induced by KCl injection (2 M) in juvenile rats for four consecutive weeks. Then all rats’ brains removed. The mean number of dark neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC) were determined using toluidine blue staining. To identify the prevalence and distribution of GABAA subunit receptors as well as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA biosynthetic enzyme, immunohistochemistry technique was performed. Results: The mean number of SD induced was statistically increased during four weeks of experiments. The mean number of dark neurons in EC was significantly increased in SD group compared to sham rats. Furthermore, expression of GAD 65 in EC significantly increased in SD group compared to sham group. However, both GABA-A&alpha and GABA-A&beta subunit receptors didn’t significantly change in that region after SD. Conclusion: These data suggest that SD is able to damage the neuronal cells in neural tissues in juvenile rats and parallelly lead to enhancement of GAD 65 in the central nervous system. 692 Basic research in Neuroscience The Effect of Equeous Datura Stramonium L Seed Extract on Chemical Kindling Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Pentylenetetrazole in Mice Namvar Aghdash Simin Nasirifard Soheila Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 35 40 19 09 2015 19 09 2015 Introduction: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures and affects 0.5-1% of people worldwide. More than 30% of the epilepsy patients have uncontrolled seizures or unacceptable medication-related side effects despite adequate pharmacological treatment. The use of plant extracts to treat diseases is proposed as a therapeutic modality. Datura plant has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of some neurological disorders, like epilepsy. The aim of this investigation was to test Datura on an intractable experimental model of epilepsy. Materials and Methods: 40 adult mice were randomly divided into 5 groups including: control group, sham group, and three treatment groups. Doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Datura stramonium seed were gavaged in treatment rats for 24 days. Chemical kindling was produced by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) once every 48 hours for 12 times to induced seizure after 30 minutes of gavage in sham and experimental groups. The latency of seizure onset, the duration of the seizure, and the intensity of seizure were measured. Results: Data analysis indicated that the equeous Datura stramonium L seed extract had a significant effect on PTZ-induced seizure. This herb increased the latency of seizure onset, decreased the intensity of seizure attacks, and reduced seizure duration. Conclusion: The present data indicated that extract of Datura stramonium has anticonvulsant effect on PTZ-induced seizure. This finding points to its potential therapeutic effect in epilepsy. 679 Basic research in Neuroscience The Effete of Lithium Chloride on the Granular Cell Density in Cerebellar Folia V and VI in a Trimethyltin Intoxication Model Shams-Alam Solmaz Edalatmanesh Mohammad Amin a. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran b. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran a. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran b. Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 41 48 12 08 2015 12 08 2015 Introduction: Thrimethyltin (TMT), an environmental toxicant, induces selective neuronal death in the central nervous system (CNS) of human and rodents. It has been suggested that Lithium Chloride (LiCl) may prevent TMT toxicity and its consequent neuronal death. This study examined neuroprotective effects of LiCl on cerebellar granular cells in lobule V and VI of TMT-intoxicated Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: 30 adult male rats were divided into three groups. The control group (untreated healthy rats) did not receive any treatment the sham group received saline for fourteen days, after TMT (8 mg/kg body weight) intoxication. The experimental group received LiCl (20 mg/kg body weight) for fourteen days after TMT intoxication. The rats were sacrificed and histopathological assessments were performed. Results: Data indicated that the density of granular cells in the cerebellar folium V was significantly higher in sham rats compared to control and experimental groups. Administration of LiCl did not affect the density of granular cells in folium V of the cerebellum. Furthermore, the results showed that the density of granular cells in the folium VI was significantly reduced in the sham group, compared to the other groups. Administration of LiCl prevented neuronal apoptosis and preserved granular cells in the cerebellum. Conclusion: This study suggests that LiCl may have a neuroprotective effect on toxic damage of TMT in the cerebellum. 693 Basic research in Neuroscience Assessment of Aqueous Extract of Humulus Lupulus Effects on Seizure Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Pentylenetetrazole in Mice Namvar Aghdash Simin Nasirifard Soheila Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 49 54 21 09 2015 21 09 2015 Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain, affecting at least 50 million persons worldwide. Despite a variety of current antiepileptic drugs, research for discovering new drugs with more efficacies and less side effects has been continued. Herbal medicine has various natural substances and proper context for this type of research. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Humulus lupulus (Hops) extract on seizure attacks in an experimental animal model. Materials and Methods: 40 male mice have been chosen randomly and divided into 5 groups including control group, sham group, and three experimental groups. Treated mice received aqueous extract of Humulus lupulus via gavage at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Thirty minutes after gavage with different doses of the herb or distilled water (sham mice), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ 45mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Animals immediately transferred to a special cage and the seizure behaviors were recorded by a camera during a 25 minutes period. Results: Data analysis indicated that the aqueous extract of Humulus lupulus had a significant inhibitory effect on PTZ-induced seizure. Treatment with Humulus lupulus significantly increased the latency of seizure onset, decreased the intensity of seizure, and seizure duration. Conclusion: The attained results showed that Hops extract has anticonvulsant effect on PTZ-induced seizure and may be useful for treatment of epilepsy. 712 Neuroepidemiology Frequency of Primary Headache in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Mashhad Alehashemi Alireza Nourian Abbas Maleki Marzieh Meshkat Mojtaba Department of Neurology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Department of Neurology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran a. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran b. School of Medicine, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 55 60 09 11 2015 09 11 2015 Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system and one of the most common neurological disorders among young adults. Clinical manifestations of MS vary from a benign disease to a rapid progressive disabling disorder. Although headache is not common in MS, an increased incidence of headache has been reported in people with MS. According to high prevalence of primary headache in MS patients and the prominence of its diagnosis in improving the quality of life, our aim was to evaluate the frequency of primary headache in patients with MS. Materials and Methods: 100 patients with multiple sclerosis enrolled in this descriptive study. Age, gender, clinical form of disease, duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale, family history of headache and type of headache according to international headache society criteria (IHS) were recorded. Results: In this study, 48% of MS patients had primary headache. Frequency of migraine was 19% and tension type headache was 29%. There was no significant association between primary headache and MS clinical features. Conclusion: This study points to a high comorbidity of headache and MS in Mashhad. Further studies in larger number of patients are needed to confirm our preliminary investigations. 677 Psycology Measurement of the Body Temperature During Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Case Study Manavipour Davood Roshani Yasamin Department of Psychology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran Department of Psychology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 61 68 08 08 2015 08 08 2015 Introduction: The purpose of this study was to measure the body temperature changes in the process of central dynamic sequence in intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Case Description: The sample consisted of a patient who was voluntarily chosen. The research design was case study method. Results: The body temperature (hand temperature, forehead temperature) was measured during treatment protocol, using biofeedback machine. A nonparametric test K independent sample was used for data analysis. Conclusion: The intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy changes the body temperature. The body temperature is a sign to review the protocol and determine the level of anxiety and the patient's defenses. 691 Basic research in Neuroscience Experimental Models of Brain Injury Aligholi Hadi Safahani Maryam a.Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran b. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran a. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran b. Department of Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 69 76 17 09 2015 17 09 2015 Introduction: Brain injury is one of the main concerns in societies and a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Following a brain injury, primary and secondary injuries occur and cause a complicated pathological process. Experimental brain injury models can be divided into focal brain injury models, diffused brain injury models, models used in tissue engineering strategies, and in vitro models of brain injury. Conclusion: By choosing a proper experimental model, we can address the pathology of brain injury and assess the potential treatments. 708 Neuroimmunology Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors: From Basic to Clinical Trial Studies Alizadeh Leila Gorizan Ali Akbari Dana Maryam Ghaemi Amir Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 1 6 2015 3 2 77 84 04 11 2015 04 11 2015 Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest of malignant primary brain tumors in adults and is one of a group of tumors referred to as gliomas. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 23,000 adults were diagnosed with GBM every year in USA, and less than 5% survive 5 years post-diagnosis. ­Thus, novel therapeutic strategies to target and kill GBM cells are desperately needed to increase the efficiency of therapy. Immunotherapy has the potential of inducing the immunity to remove GBM cells that might have spread throughout the central nervous system. Conclusion: In current review,  the latest developments in preclinical immunotherapy for glioma will be discussed, which involve the local delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Flt3L, Type I IFNs, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-12 using gene therapy carriers and neural stem cells, or the blockade of immune-suppressive mediators, such as TGF beta, FasL and phosphorylated STAT3. New immunotherapeutic strategies have also been evaluated in clinical trials applied in GBM patients, which makes it a promising tool in the future treatments for GBM.