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Introduction: Acrylamide (ACR) is a substance chemical used in industrial and laboratory procedures. Acrylamide according to the method of cooking foods are increasingly usedand its adverse effects on multiple organ systems have been described sporadically in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal (maternal) ACR consumption on the physical development and thechanges of cerebellar volume in the rat embryo. Materials and Methods: Female pregnant Wistarrats were orally administered 10 mg/kg ACR and/or 200 mg/kg vitamin C (vit C) solution. Pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 15thday of gestation and mother’s weight was measured. After that, their fetuses were taken out and were evaluated for fetus number and weight, crown-rump length (CRL) and cerebellar development. A total of 100 sections were cut through the entire cerebellum. From these sections, approximately 10 equidistant sections were systematic uniformly random sampled with an initial random start and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for volume estimation. The cerebellar volume was estimated by micro-projection and cavaliers’method. Results: The results showed that ACR caused a significant reduction in mother’s weight and volume of cerebellum as well as in the number of fetus.Histological and stereological examinations revealed that the cerebellar volume was decreased in ACR and ACR+vit C groupsvs control animals. Conclusion: ACR exhibits a harmful effect on the development of the brain, which may be prevented by administration of vit C.

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Nowadays, new informational and communicative media, and the rate of their use by individuals have caused deep metamorphoses in the material and non-material dimensions of human lives, and individuals’ mental regulation. The use of these media, especially the Internet and virtual social networks, among Iranian teenagers has unnoticeably increased, and providing numerous facilities and options makes them get familiar with new stimuli and a variety of behaviors; and encountering a real world, such a virtual space causes a rampancy of anxiety disorders for teenagers who are in the stage of formulating and developing identity and consistently discovering values and internalizing them in the virtual world. Accordingly, these media overuse has damaged their family and social lives, and leads into ignoring their close and warm interaction with family members, social life, hobbies and entertainments and other social activities in the real setting. Research has shown that new communicative technologies have changed individuals’ attitudes toward themselves, others and the world; therefore, their identities have changed. Using the social media, usually through getting negative feedbacks from peers in the virtual setting, on-line watching stressful events happening in the others’ lives, computer games, and tolerating the nervous pressures caused by long-hour activities with social networks and the like, create anxiety impulses in individuals. Therefore, the correct appreciation and understanding of the relationship between the new communicative media usage and the emergence of anxiety and its consequences can be fruitful for the clinical professionals and educational psychologists in achieving new information in treating anxiety.

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Introduction: Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent health problems in the victims of the Iran-Iraq war. Despite many advantages of the administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, as the first-line treatment of PTSD, a large number of the patients still need more effective therapies. The purpose of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of sertraline, transcranial direct stimulation current (TDCS), and the combined treatment (TDCS and sertraline) to relieve the symptoms of PTSD in the veterans in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental study including pre- and post-tests, a control group, and three-month follow-up. The population of study was veterans who lived in Tehran in 2018. 68 veterans were selected by purposive sampling method and then randomly divided to control and experimental groups. The first group was treated with sertraline, the second group received TDCS, and the third group treated with the combined treatment. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5(PCL-5) was used as a research tool. Results: All of the treatment approaches were effective in reduction of symptoms in patients with PTSD. In the post-test and follow-up phase, there was a significant difference in PCL-5 scores between sertraline, TDCS, and combined treatment in comparison with the control group. Combined treatment (TDCS and sertraline) have shown a significantly higher and persistence effectiveness. Conclusion: Combined treatment with TDCS and sertraline can be used as an efficient and effective approach to reduce PTSD symptoms in veterans.