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Introduction: It is suggested that repetitive seizure attacks lead to the hippocampal neuronal damage and memory impairments. Some therapeutic effects, including analgesic, neuroprotective, antioxidant and anticonvulsant properties, of Nigella sativa (NS) have been reported. In the present study, the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of NS were investigated on spatial memory damage in penthylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: group 1 (control group) received saline. The animals in group 2 (PTZ group) were treated by saline and were injected by PTZ (50mg/kg, ip). Groups 3 (PTZ+NS 100), 4 (PTZ+NS 200) and 5 (PTZ+NS 400) were treated by 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of NS extract (ip), respectively, 30 min prior to each PTZ injection for 5 consecutive days. Finally, the animals were examined by Morris water maze test. Results: The animals of PTZ+NS 100, PTZ+NS 200, and PTZ+NS 400 had significant lower seizure scores compared to PTZ group. The latency to the onset of seizures were also significantly higher in these groups than that of PTZ group. In Morris water maze test, the time spent and traveled distance in target quadrant by the animals of PTZ group was lower than that of control group. Pretreatment by all doses of the extract increased the time spent and traveled distance in target quadrant compared to PTZ group. Conclusion: The present data suggest that the hydro-alcoholic extract of NS possesses beneficial effects on spatial memory impairments in PTZ seizures model.

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Brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in the most active population. There is no definite clinical treatment for repair of damaged brain tissue. Application of nanoscaffolds supporting stem cells can be helpful. The present study examined the effects of autologous adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) seeded in PuraMatrix in acute brain injury. The right brain subventricular zone of adult wistar rats was stereotactically harvested. Then, NS/PCs were cultured using neurosphere assay. At day 45, brain injury was performed in left side of brain and PBS, PuraMatrix, NS/PCs or PuraMatrix+ NS/PCs was injected into the created cavity. The neurological status was evaluated for 4 weeks. Then, morphological and immunohistochemical studies were done. The neurologic status improved after treatment of brain injury with PuraMatrix, NS/PCs or PuraMatrix + NS/PCs. The lesion volume was decreased in PuraMatrix+ NS/PCs. By 3D transplantation of NS/PCs, not only the rate of inflammation was reduced but also the survival rate in the site of injury was increased. In addition, the transplanted cells expressed the differentiation markers after 4 weeks. Transplantation of adult NS/PCs in PuraMatrix may be a feasible method for reduction of tissue damage following brain injury.

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Traumatic brain injury resulting road accidents create damage to the brain. The severe brain injury may cause extensive tissue loss of several parenchyma which results in cavities due to primary destruction and secondary injuries such as ischemia and inflammation. Recent findings suggest that neuronal precursors in the adult mammalian brain can be a therapeutic target in ischemic brain injuries. It has been reported that curcumin reduces oxidative stress and stimulates neurogenesis in the brain. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective and neurogenesis effects of curcumin in a rat model of transient global ischemia (TGI). Fourty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly chosen as control, sham (animals only underwent TGI), treatment (animals were treated with 100 or 300 mg/kg curcumin following TGI) and vehicle groups. 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was injected intra pritoneally twice daily for three consecutive days. Then, animals were decapitated for 3 and 4 weeks after treatment. Neurogenesis, cell injury and apoptosis in the hippocampus, somatosensory neocortex, subventricular as well as subgranular zone and posterior periventricular region were assessed. We found that the number of dark neurons and apoptotic cells increased after TGI. Treatment with curcumin reduced the number of dark neurons and apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, application of curcumin increased neurogenesis at low concentration in comparison to control and ischemia groups while higher concentration of curcumin reduced the neurogenesis. The present investigation provides evidences supporting the neuroprotective potential of curcumin in vivo and opens a new horizon for future experiments.

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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with the prevalence of one eighth or about 10% of people older than 65 years old. Aiming to induce progressive dementia and neurodegeneration, intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injection of streptozocin (STZ), a diabetogenic factor, was performed. Since this model leads to behavioral disorders, impaired energy, and glucose utilization, it is an appropriate model for AD. Reduction of the potency of stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), one of the brain neurogenic regions, in AD has been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of ICV administration of STZ on stem cell proliferation in SVZ. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were classified into three groups, including control, sham, and STZ. Drug injection (3 mg/kg- ICV) was performed in lateral ventricles in days 1 and 3 after recovery of operation. Finally, after SVZ cell culture, cell proliferation was measured by evaluation of morphology, number, and diameter indexes of neurospheres. Results: Our study revealed that proliferation indexes, such as diameter and the number of neurosphere, were significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to control and sham groups. Conclusion: Our data has shown that application of STZ decreases proliferation of stem cells in SVZ of the brain.

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There are two main methods for preparing the PuraMatrix (PM) as a three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold for supporting the cells including surface plating and encapsulation. In the surface-plating procedure, the scaffold is created by adding an ionic agent such as medium to PM. After adjusting the PH by changing the medium, cells are seeded on top of the scaffold. In the encapsulation method, PM and cells are mixed suddenly to produce a true 3-D culture.  Because PM is very acidic agent, it can be harmful for sensitive cells such as neural stem cells. We introduced a new method for solving this problem. In this novel approach, firstly, scaffold was created, then, the neural stem cells were injected into the several sites of it. In this method, the survival of the cells was significantly high than that of other methods. This method can be used in future investigations in which a 3-D culture of neural stem cells in needed.

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Open fx is one of most serious injury in motor car accident. Infection /osteomyelitis/amputation and frequent admission in hospital and IV antibiotic and surgery are common complication of this problem. Life saving limb saving prior to the other practice. Take a photo by cell phone then call for help and cover the wound /control of bleeding and keep person warm is principles to management for open wound with fracture. Don’t move victim injured area care limb with splint. According to newest international guideline antibiotic injection can be reduced infection rate and other complication.

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The pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Secondary injury mechanisms include inflammation, oxidative stress. The secondary inflammation of spinal cord tissue after SCI was critical for the survival of motor neuron and functional recovery. Flaxseed is a rich source of lignan phytoestrogen, α-linolenic acid. Flaxseed has remarkable anti-inflammatory effect. Adult male wistar rats (n=24) were assigned to four groups: control, laminectomy, SCI and SCI+Flaxseed groups. The SCI model was exerted by placing a 50 g weight for 5 min by a platform applied at the T10 vertebral level. After 4 weeks the blood serum of all rats were collected and the effect of flaxseed on proinflammatory factors level, locomotion score and histologic alterations were assessed. The use of flaxseed significantly decreased the level of proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α compared to SCI group and improved the motion of the animals in the SCI+Flaxseed group and decreased the demolition of spinal cord tissue after injury. Our study for the first time showed the anti-inflammatory effect of flaxseed on spinal cord injury model in rat, further studies can be done to assess the intake of flaxseed as an effective therapeutic agent for the relative recovery of patients with SCI.

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Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is a sort of disorder which has been vastly spreaded in recent years thus a set of expanded researches is carried out toward determining its different aspects. Sampling and Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis have always been of the basic needs in this scope. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of GARS globally. Materials and Methods: Using the method of systematic review and the key words including Gilliam Autism Rating scale and Autism spectrum disorders screening tools in data sources such as googlescholar, scopus, springer, sciencedirect, magiran and SID in years 1995 to 2019, 135 essays have been written among which 52 were on psychometric properties of other diagnostic tools, 34 out of 83 considered as diagnosis tools, 32 were about the discoveries of the researches and17 were on the psychometric findings of GARS. Results: Results indicated that various editions of GARS have been translated into Jordanian, Korean, Chinese, Turkish, Spanish, Arabic and Persian languages among which the second edition has been greatly investigated, taking this point into attention that the third edition was published in 2014. Some findings in psychometric components including sensitivity (0/48 to 0/99) and Specificity (0/48 to 1) have been also investigated. Conclusion: Results prove that GARS and its various versions have been used in a large number of researches; showing the significance. According to what mentioned above, investigation of GARS psychometric scale features which has been collected based on DSM, plays an important role for using the scale in diagnosis process.

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Introduction: Lateralization is one of the indicators of the natural evolution of the brain. The relationship between lateralization and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the focus of some studies. The aim of this study was to compare lateralization in students with and without ADHD. Materials and Methods: The population of this study included 130 students (57 girls and 73 boys) aged 6 to 12 years in Tehran, Iran.  With initial screening by the teacher, suspicious students were selected, and by the Connors’s Children's Behavioral Problem Scale Parent Form and Teacher Form (1999), as well as a clinical interview based on the criteria of the fifth edition of the DSM, 65 people with ADHD were selected. Moreover, 65 regular students from the same grade and schools were randomly placed in the control group. Subjects were divided into 4 groups, control, ADD, HD, and a combination of ADHD. Their lateralization was assessed using Edinburgh (1970) and Chapman (1987), Waterloo (1998), and eye superiority questionnaires. Results: Data analysis using the chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference between the ADHD and normal groups in all three components of hand, eye, and foot superiority. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the group of ADD and normal and also between the group of HD and normal in the components of the superiority of hand and eye but this difference was not significant in the superiority of foot component. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between lateralization in students with ADHD compared with their normal peers.