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Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a generalized epileptic syndrome. Age of onset is usually between 12 to 18 years. JME consists of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) and typical absence attacks. EEG shows characteristic changes in JME. Long term video-electroencephalography monitoring (VEM) is a helpful diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of patient with unclear history or EEG findings. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of VEM in diagnosis of refractory epileptic patients. Materials and Methods: This study is retrospective and descriptive on patients of Epilepsy Monitoring Unit of Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between March 2011 and March 2012. Telephone interview was scheduled 6-18 months after discharge to evaluate results of VEM on the frequency of seizures, the therapeutic regimes and patients’ quality of life. Results: 24 cases with diagnosis of JME were chosen among 250 patients who were admitted with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen of them were female. The average age of patients was 24 years old and the average duration of the seizure attacks was 12.97 years. The mean frequency of GTCs was 2.76 attacks per month and after VEM and proper treatment, it decreased to 0.27 attacks per month. Conclusion: VEM is a helpful diagnostic procedure for evaluating of refractory JME epileptic patients.

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Introduction: Studies have shown that borderline personality and alexithymia could affect the course of interpersonal problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate borderline personality characteristics and alexithymia among female college students with interpersonal problems. Materials and Methods: Research population included 150 female students in AL Zahra University who were received above cutoff scores in the inventory of interpersonal problems. The instruments used in this study were the inventory of interpersonal problems, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Personality Assessment Inventory Borderline Scale (PAI-BOR). Results: The results showed that difficulty identifying feelings and impulsive behaviors were predictors of interpersonal problems. Conclusion: These findings indicate the role of borderline personality and alexithymia in interpersonal problems. These results can be useful in intervention programs in treatments of interpersonal problems.

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Recently neuro-inflammation and cognitive impairment has attracted attention. It has been suggested that obesity lead to cognitive impairments induced by neuro-inflammatory markers like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and reduced neurotrophin factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Also, increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Because of the neuro-protective effects of vitamin D, we aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D on cognitive function, NF-kB and BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus and BBB permeability high-fat diet induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (CD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks, then each group randomized in to two subgroups supplemented with vitamin D for 5 weeks. Morris Water Maze test was done at the 21st week to examine cognitive function, BBB permeability was characterized by measuring Evans blue dye in the hippocampus. Moreover, BDNF and NF- kB protein levels in the hippocampus. HFD significantly led to cognitive impairments, due to elevated NF-kB concentrations as neuroinflammatory factor (P=0.01) and reduction of BDNF (P=0.04) concentrations in the hippocampus. we showed that vitamin D supplementation in HFD group reduced body weight, NF- kB concentrations, BBB permeability (P=0.001 and P=0.03 respectively) and increased BDNF concentrations (P=0.002). Vitamin D reversed HFD induced cognitive impairments via reduction of the NF-kB, elevation in BDNF and modulation of BBB permeability in hippocampus, thus it can be considered as a beneficial therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits.

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Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries and has increased incidence due to progression of average population age. Pharmalogical and mechanical reperfusion therapy, as primary therapeutic approaches, are only applicable to less than 10% of patients with a 50-70% efficacy. but about 90%of patients are severe restricted to these treatments. Glutamate excitotoxicity is associated to the deleterious effects of hyperthermia during the acute phase of brain stroke; therefore management of body temperature is becoming one of the most promising neuroprotective strategies during the acute phase of stroke for patients with resistance to routine treatment. on this subject researches have shown a direct correlation between increase Glutamate concentration in blood that is reflected in an increase of extracellular Glutamate levels on the ischemic brain. Glutamate-Oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) is a blood-borne enzyme. Glutamate and Oxaloacetate are competitive substrates for this enzyme. so it seems that reduction of temperature or competitive inhibition of GOT, can eliminate Glutamate related damage in brain stroke.

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Introduction: The study of individual differences in information processing in order to predict the academic achievement of students with math disability is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to study automatic and controlled data processing speed based on the Stroop test in students with math learning disability. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was causal-comparative. The study population consisted of students in district 6 education in Tehran city. The sample consisted of 36 students with and without learning disability in mathematics (18 students with Math Learning Disability and 18 normal students), selected by systematic random sampling from the list of statistical populations (specific learning problems center) and matching method (normal group). The data were collected by demographic questionnaire, Raven's Progressive Matrices, Keymaths math test and Stroop test and analyzed by multivariate analysis of co-variance, Shapiro-Wilk test, Box and Levin tests. Results: The findings showed that automatic and controlled information processing in students with and without a math learning disability are significantly different. The mean of reaction time and number of errors in students with math learning disability is significantly higher than students without learning disability is math. Conclusion: According to the results of this study the speed of automatic and controlled information processing in students with math learning disability is weak (low) and educators should pay attention to this problem.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the effectiveness of pivotal response treatment (PRT) and applied behavioral analysis (ABA) on the severity of symptoms and executive functions in autistic children. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design associated with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all children with autism spectrum disorder (5-12 years old) who referred to Tabriz Autism Center in 2019. For the purpose of sampling, 60 autistic children were selected using the available sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups, the first experimental PRT group (n=20), the second experimental ABA group (n=20), and the control group (n=20). The data were collected using the Garz test and the College Neuropsychological and Personality Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that PRT and ABA exerted beneficial effects on the severity of symptoms and executive functions, decreased the severity of symptoms, and improved executive functions in children. Furthermore, the results of the post hoc test showed that the training of the PRT method was significantly superior to the ABA method over the severity of symptoms and executive functions. Conclusion: Attention to these educational methods (PRT and ABA) has an important role in the reduction of symptoms severity and the improvement of executive functions of autistic children.

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Introduction: The built environment is rapidly expanding because of the growing need for architectural spaces in urban life. However, not enough studies have been carried out about the effect of architectural space on cognition and brain activities. Earlier studies on the environmental psychology of architecture qualitatively were not able to respond to this query. However, nowadays with the emergence of the new theory of neuroscience and its connection with architecture, researchers have found valuable results shedding morelight on the ways that architectural space affects the human brain through the use of modern tools in neuroscience giving rise to a new paradigm of Neuro-architecture. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of architectural space on brain functions and human cognition by measuring brain activities. The main questions in this study were: what are the literature, key concepts, research methods, and techniques in the field of architecture and neuroscience? In addition, how many fields are such resources divided into? Materials and Methods: The present study has introduced and analyzed the available resources from 2010 to 2020 via a systematic qualitative method. Results: The resources are divided into two main categories of theoretical and experimental studies. The focus of the present study is on experimental studies indicating that the physical elements of the architectural space are generally related to the visual field, affect cognition and brain activities, and cause different emotions. Conclusion: The results revealed that these studies are classified into five general areas of stress reduction, aesthetic judgment, navigation, attention, and emphasis on visual elements and human experiences. EEG technique, fMRI, and some auxiliary tools, such as eye tracking, have been used to measure the effect of architectural space on the brain.

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Introduction: Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common emotional disorders in childhood and adolescence and an important risk factor for mental health throughout life. The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of attachment-based psycho-educational interventions in reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children and the parenting methods of mothers of affected children. Materials and Methods: This research method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. Seven counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran, Iran were selected by random cluster method, after the initial screening of children with emotional disorders listed for school age, six mothers of these children were referred from the centers, after the sample drop, and finally, twenty-four of the remaining mothers were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The data was collected using Spirafkin and Gado's Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the psycho-educational attachment-based package significantly reduces the symptoms and severity of separation anxiety disorder, and this effect was also significant in the follow-up phase. Furthermore, the mentioned package increased the parenting methods of mothers' involvement as well as positive parenting and significantly reduced poor monitoring/supervision and inconsistency. Conclusion: The psycho-educational attachment-based training package can be considered an efficient program to improve the parenting practices of mothers and reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children.

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Introduction: The central nervous system and peripheral nerves are vital organs in living beings that constitute the most protected structures of the body. Neurological diseases exhibit diverse pathogenesis, mirrored by a wide array of relevant biomarkers. These biomarkers involve inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic and genetic irregularities, and pharmaceutical influences. In this review, we introduce the concept of biomarkers and their classifications and provide a comprehensive review of the latest research findings on the most significant and prevalent biomarkers associated with neurological diseases. Oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammation mediators are the most common biomarkers in neurological diseases. MicroRNAs are the new molecular biomarker that helps the diagnosis and prognosis. Conclusion: Current knowledge has not been able to provide a biomarker with acceptable sensitivity and specificity in neurological diseases in most cases. The oxidative stress molecules are the most important in almost all brain and nerve diseases.