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Showing 3 results for Salami
Behrooz Fathi, Alan L Harvey, Edward G Rowan, Fatemeh Salami, Volume 5, Issue 2 (The Spring Supplement of Shefaye Khatam 2 - 2017)
Abstract
Introduction: In a serious brain disorder like Alzheimer's disease, the levels of acetylcholine (Ach) drop significantly. The gradual death of cholinergic brain cells leads to a profound loss of memory and learning ability. Acetylcholine is the chemical messenger that sends messages from one neuron to another in the area of the brain used for memory. Many of the current medications act to enhance the low levels of ACh in the patient’s brain. For example; those that inhibit cholinesterase and prevent the normal breakdown of ACh. The presynaptic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) neurotoxins from snake venom including: Bungarotoxin, taipoxin, crotoxin, and ammodytoxin are primarily characterized by their ability to affect ACh release from motor nerve terminals on the indirectly stimulated twitch in vitro and respiratory failure in vivo. Materials and Methods: Lyophilized PLA2 neurotoxins, twitch tension recording and whole cell patch clamp recording. Results: All these PLA2 neurotoxins exhibit a triphasic modulation of ACh release at the neuromuscular junction on isolated mammalian nerve-muscle preparations. The first phase is a transient initial reduction in the amount of ACh release in response to an action potential, is followed by the second phase or facilitatory phase which is a period of time when ACh release is facilitated and quantal content is increased. Finally, the third phase is a progressive decline, leading to complete block of transmitter release. Although the mechanism of this facilitatory effect is unknown, but several hypotheses such as blockade of some types of K+ channels etc, have been suggested. With patch clamp experiments we found evidence that facilitation is not due to direct block of nerve terminal K+ channels. Conclusion: Despite elusive mechanism, understanding the mechanism by which PLA2 neurotoxins increase the release of ACh in phase II, may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents to improve Alzheimer’s disease symptoms.
Anahita Khodabakhshi Koolaee, Firoozeh Salami, Farima Mohamadi, Volume 6, Issue 1 (Winter - 2018)
Abstract
Introduction: Visual memory and space intelligence are the most important talents for karate athletes. Therefore, the present study investigated the visual memory and space intelligence of female Karate students who practiced Kata and Kumite. Materials and Methods: The method of this research was Ex post facto design. One hundred seventy selected female athletes who were practicing in Karate under the supervision of Iran Karate Federation were selected. Ninety of athletes practiced in Kata, and eighty of them practiced Kumite. The sample was selected by targeting method. The instruments of this study were two questionnaires included; John Luis Selier visual memory test, and Minnesota space visualization test. Results: The results showed that female athletes who practiced Kata had significantly higher visual memory than Kumite group. However, there was no differences between space intelligence in these two groups. Conclusion: Our data revealed that the visual memory and space intelligence are very vital and play a key role in karate. To achieve a better result in karate competitions, practice and reinforcement of these skills seems to be crucial.
Fatemeh Aghighi, Mahmoud Salami, Sayyed Alireza Talaei, Volume 7, Issue 4 (Autumn 2019)
Abstract
Introduction: The prenatal stress is a key factor which affects the growth and function of the brain. Several studies have shown that prenatal stress induces deficits in learning and memory of the offspring. The prenatal stress alters the activity of neurotransmitters, such as noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, via over-activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. In addition, the prenatal stress reduces the values of various hippocampal proteins involved in learning and memory and long-term potentiation, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II, postsynaptic density protein 95, and cAMP response element-binding protein. It seems that exercise, environmental enrichment, and antioxidants could improve learning and memory deficits induced by the prenatal stress in offspring. Conclusion: Interventions to protect the offspring against stress is crucial to preserve their cognitive abilities.
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