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Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) play a role in some neurological disorders. SD is a depolarization wave, which pass through the brain and linked with large changes in cellular and molecular elements. Many of these changes play role in SD injuries pathophysiology. ECoG recording showed a transient hyperactivity, followed by depression of cellular activity. Cellular death and electrical changes are postulated to play central role in SD outcome as well as memory impairment. Materials & Methods: In the present study 24 Wistar rat were used to investigate repetitive SD effect on different aspect of memory. First the roles of SD on spatial memory retrieval have been discussed and then memory consolidation has been investigated by T-Maze test. Results: T-maze test result during four weeks analysis for spatial memory and also eight weeks for memory consolidation showed that both spatial memory and memory consolidation was significantly disrupt by SD induction. Conclusion: We conclude that SD induced brain electrical wave distribution could play important role in memory consolidation and memory retrieval during spatial memory test.

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Introduction: Synchronization of bioelectrical activities of neurons contributes to the initiation of epileptiform activities occurred during a seizure attack. Absence seizures are characterized by synchronous and symmetric 2.5-4 Hz spike-wave discharges in children under 15 years old. More than half of children with absence epilepsy suffer from cognitive, education, and learning difficulties. The amplitude ratio of the theta and alpha waves is a reliable indicator for measuring of learning difficulties in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L- and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers, verapamil and ethosuximide, on the amplitude of electroencephalogram (EEG) waves in WAG/Rij rats, a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Materials and Methods: 18 adult WAG/Rij rats in the age between 4 and 6 months were divided randomly into 3 groups. Using stereotaxic method, cannula was implanted in the peri-oral region of the primary somatosensory cortex for injection of drugs and recording electrodes were placed in the frontal and the occipital cortices. Electroencephalography was recorded 30 minutes before and one hour after drug injection. Results: The power of EEG sub-bands significantly decreased in the first 30 minutes after injection of verapamil and ethosuximide compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our data show that verapamil and ethosuximide can decrease the power of EEG sub-bands. However, they have not noticeable effect on theta to alpha ratio.

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Introduction: Spirituality and religion have an important role in human health and behavior. Referring to religious sources are one of the solutions that people seek during experience of life stress. Listening to the recitation of Quran has been suggested to alleviate the life stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of listening to the recitation of the holy Quran on the brain functions in healthy people. Materials and Methods: 52 healthy subjects were recruited based on convenience sampling and were randomly placed into two groups. Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) was recorded while the experimental group were listening to surah Al-Insan (experimental group), control group were listening to an Arabic text (control group). Brain activities were recorded and analyzed. Results: There were differences between the brain waves of the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, all EEG frequency bands were decreased and the most of frequency bands changes observed in fronto-temporal pathway. In the control group, decrease in beta, high beta, gamma, gamma 1, gamma 2 and high gamma was evident in the central regions. In comparison to the control group, beta and gamma frequency bands increased in the experimental group. Conclusion: Changes in the EEG frequency bands of fronto-temporal pathway of listening to the recitation of Quran suggest the potential use of that in alleviation of psychological disorders.

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Introduction: Adolescent brain development is recognized by changes in the brain structure and functions. Emotional processing could be affected by these brain changes. The aim of present study was to predict the dynamic emotional processing valences based on absolute brainwaves power (delta, theta, beta, and alpha bands) of five cortical regions. Materials and Methods: The study population was 50 healthy adolescents living in Mashhad, Iran. The Tools included mental state interview, EEG device, and Dynamic Emotional Processing Valences Task. Results: To predict the valences of facial expressions, one model was extracted for sadness and disgust based on the stepwise regression. The beta band in frontal area (for fear), theta band in frontal and beta in central area (for surprise), and beta band in frontal as well as theta band in frontal cortical regions were extracted. Conclusion: The hypotheses of predictably of dynamic facial expressions is supported by cortical electrophysiological activities during adolescence, and these cortical activities have a number of differences and similarities in comparison to adulthood. Finally, it is recommended that methods, such as Neurofeedback, could be applied to modulate adolescence emotional problems.

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Introduction: Attempting to recognize specific QEEG markers in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders is the one of main interests of research in quantitative electroencephalography. The purpose of the present study was to compare the absolute power of brain waves in the frontal area in people with major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all individuals with major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to the mental health Clinic of Fatemi Hospital in 2019 in Ardabil, Iran. 15 people with major depressive disorder and 15 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected by purposeful sampling. Furthermore, 15 normal individuals were selected via the sampling method from the relatives of patients. Psychiatric diagnosis and structured clinical interview, Beck depression inventory, and Foa et al. obsessive-compulsive inventory were used to collect data. The QEEG recording was performed at the Psychological Laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the data were analyzed by Neuroguide software. Results: The results showed that the absolute power of delta (F= 3.444), theta (F= 51.566), alpha (F= 217.1144), and beta (F= 175.555) waves differ between people with depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder compared to the control group. The delta, theta, and alpha absolute power at frontal lobes of patients with obsessive-compulsion significantly increased, and the alpha and beta absolute power at frontal lobes of patients with major depressive disorder significantly decreased compared to the control group. Conclusions: These results showed that the pattern of brain waves can be posed as an index for diagnosing and follow-upping of the therapeutic outcomes of major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Furthermore, it can be used in designing neurofeedback interventions for these disorders.

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Introduction: Math problem solving requires improving both details and generalities perception by the brain's parietal cortex and in turn, achieving this ability requires the development of cognitive abilities. The purpose of this study was to improve cognitive abilities in math problem-solving through combined neurofeedback and transcranial electrical stimulation therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was a quantitative study of the single case type with the ABAB design. The statistical population was the ninth-grade high school students referring to two counseling centers in Karaj. Among them, 5 weak students in math problem-solving were selected purposefully and voluntarily. The entry criteria were age between 14 and 16 years, a math score below 13.5 from 20 in the previous semester. Furthermore, participants should not have a diagnosis of learning disorders and coexistence, medical treatment, and a math reinforcement course. The measurement tools were the fourth edition of the Wechsler IQ test, transcranial electrical stimulation devices, neurofeedback, and math exam scores between two academic semesters. The combined intervention of electrical stimulation and neurofeedback was performed for 50 minutes, two months, and twice a week with the aim of promoting alpha and theta waves and suppressing beta three waves in the parietal cortex. Percentage improvement formulas, Cohen's effect size, and visual analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the combined treatment was effective in the mentioned brain waves. On the other hand, cognitive factors in Wechsler's intelligence scale, including active memory, processing speed, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension, as well as students' math exam scores showed a significant improvement. Conclusion: The findings showed that transcranial stimulation of the parietal cortex and neuro-feedback brain training are able to increase the learning ability of students who have problems understanding the details and generalities of mathematics. Therefore, this non-invasive combined method can be used as an approach to improve the cognitive abilities of students who are weak in solving mathematical problems.