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Introduction: One of the major issues in consumer behavior is to understand consumer decision making process which always attracts scholars, marketers and managers. After disappointment from traditional methods, new emerging and combined methods have been developed, such as neuromaketing approaches. The combination of neuro and marketing implies the merging of two branches of science (neuroscience and marketing). Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing research that studies consumers’ cognitive and affective responses to marketing stimuli. Researchers use technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging electroencephalogram and eye-tracking methods, to measure changes in the brain activity to improve our understanding on how consumers make the decisions and what part of their brain is involved in this decision. Despite the perceived advantages of neuromarketing, some marketing scholars are reluctant to apply these neuroscience methods and there is still uncertainty about neuromarketing. Conclusion: The purpose of this review is to delineate a clear and comprehensive picture of neuromarketing as well as to address functional and empirical aspects of neuromarketing tools. A better understanding of neuromarketing may increase our knowledge in its fundamental implications with marketing and management.

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Cranio-cerebral injuries are a common cause of hospital admission following trauma, and long- term morbidity and mortality. Neuroimaging plays an essential role in brain injuries. In the X ray field however simple skull X ray is useful but there is shift toward recognition of intracranial pathology by CT scanning. CT is the most appropriate initial study for acute evaluation of the head-injured patient who may harbor lesion(s) that require immediate neurosurgical intervention. Early and sometimes repeat CT scanning may be required. Cerebral angiography has a role in demonstrating and managing traumatic vascular injuries such as pseudo aneurysm, dissection, fistulae, or diagnosis and neurointerventional treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Dynamic spiral CT angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have a role as less invasive screening tools for detecting traumatic intracranial, skull base, and/or neck vascular lesions. Intracranial and neck MRA with fat- suppressed T1-weighted neck MR are helpful for screening vascular lesions such as thromboses, pseudo aneurysms, fistulae, or dissection. CTA of the aortic arch and neck vasculature may reveal carotid or vertebral dissection, although angiography remains the gold standard for depicting dissection. MRI in imaging of head trauma is limited while CT is sensitive for detecting injuries requiring a change in treatment, MRI is also used for acute head-injured patients with nonsurgical, medically stable pathology. Hemosidrin-sensitive T2-weighted gradient echo and susceptibility-weighted sequences are helpful for imaging small or subacute or chronic hemorrhages. Diffusion-weighted sequences improve detection of acute infarction associated with head injury. Although management of surgical injuries is not likely to be altered by the substitution of MRI for CT, superior depiction of nonsurgical lesions with MRI may affect medical management and predict the degree of neurologic recovery. Diffusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping depict cytotoxic injury almost immediately. In acute brain trauma, focal contusion and DAI may show restricted diffusion and evolve over time to atrophy or encephalomalacia. Perfusion imaging with CT or MRI may prove helpful as a marker for disorders of vascular autoregulation or ischemia. Diffusion tensor imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRS) are ancillary tools that may offer additional insight into the biochemical and structural patterns of injury following head trauma, as well as prognosis.

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Introduction: Neuromarketing is an interdisciplinary field that is rapidly emerging in the world of consumer cognition research. Furthermore, it is an innovative field of marketing research which challenges the classic marketing model to improve our understanding of the processes associated with purchasing behavior. Neuromarketing is investigating the manner that consumers make the decision to purchase. Based on the neuromarketing concept of decision processing, consumer buying decisions rely on bi-systemic approaches. System 1 is based on fast automatic operations in contrast, decisions driven by System 2 are deliberate, conscious reasoning, and slow. In cognition of the consumer behavior, these processes guide everyday purchasing decisions. Furthermore, neuromarketing is built on the top of at least three basic science fields, including neuroscience, behavioral economics, and social psychology. The aim of this review was to investigate the different aspects of neuroscience involved in neuromarketing. The signals from the human body and brain are important for understanding the origins and operations of neuromarketing measures. Body measures are contained the facial expressions, eye movements, eye blink, startle reflex, behavioral responses, electrodermal activity, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, and respiration. The human brain signals are captured by the blood oxygenation, positron emissions, electrical fields, and magnetic fields. Conclusion: Understanding the basic functions of human brain is crucial in investigation of consumers’ purchasing behaviors.

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Neuroimaging findings have proposed that some brain regions including the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex play an essential role of a structural core in the brain. Network organization endures rapid alterations in development with changes in axonal synaptic connectivity, white matter volume, and the thickness of corresponding cortical regions. Structural maturation of white matter as well as cortical and subcortical areas is powerfully related with intellectual abilities from early childhood throughout adolescence. However, there is little investigation about the relationship of network properties derived from axonal white matter tracts such as network efficiency with intelligence during childhood has received. Intelligence can be described as the individual's capacity for mental functioning across a variety of domains including reasoning, executive function, information processing speed, memory and spatial manipulation - termed, general intelligence (g). Efficient and economical information processing among the distributed brain regions along white matter fibers is thought to contribute to general intelligence capacity. The parieto-frontal integration theory suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex comprise an important neuronal network associated with efficient intellectual functioning.A brain network perspective provides a quantitative model for elucidating the association between the efficiency of brain networks and intelligence. Since brain development in childhood is associated with large-scale changes in synaptic connectivity, gray matter thickness and myelination, these relationships could be quite different than those observed in the adult brain.
 

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Neuroimaging research indicates that human intellectual ability is associated to brain structure including the thickness of the cerebral cortex. Most studies show that general intelligence is positively associated with cortical thickness in areas of association cortex allocated throughout both brain hemispheres. Changes in cortical thickness over time have been related to intelligence, but whether changes in cortical surface area are related to general cognitive functioning is unknown.  At 10 years of age, more intelligent children have a slightly thinner cortex than children with a lower Intelligence quotient (IQ). This relationship becomes more pronounced with increasing age: with higher IQ, a faster thinning of the cortex is found over time. In the more intelligent young adults, this relationship reverses so that by the age of 42 a thicker cortex is associated with higher intelligence. In contrast, cortical surface is larger in more intelligent children at the age of 10. The cortical surface is still expanding, reaching its maximum area during adolescence. With higher IQ, cortical expansion is completed at a younger age; and once completed, surface area decreases at a higher rate. These findings suggest that intelligence may be more related to the magnitude and timing of changes in brain structure during development than to brain structure per se, and that the cortex is never completed but shows continuing intelligence-dependent development.

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In recent years, the development of neuroimaging techniques such as high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) has promoted the identification of structural and functional characteristics underlying mental disorders to a great extent. In anxiety disorders, recent neuroimaging techniques have contributed greatly to diagnosis and treatment, and helped to shed light on the neurobiological basis of anxiety in general. Functional imaging procedures and radioligand binding studies in healthy subjects and in patients with anxiety disorders provide growing evidence of the existence of a complex anxiety network, including limbic, brainstem, temporal, and prefrontal cortical regions. Neuroimaging techniques could support the diagnostic process of anxiety disorders and support the inevitable rationale of implying biological variables in the classification of anxiety disorders. So in the present article we have provided an overview of the application of current neuroimaging in anxiety disorders.

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Introduction: Using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting neuromarketing in sports. Materials and Methods: Societies and statistical samples in qualitative section were including 9 doctors of neurologists and neuroscience professionals and 8 marketers and experts in the field of marketing and neuromarketing. To this end, by preparing the couple scale questionnaires using AHP and confirm its validity by six experts, weighting and ranking of different factors were analyzed by the Expert choice software. Results: Software output analysis revealed that stimulation of the consumer feeling using their five senses (with weight of 0.303) is the most important factor that influence neuromarketing in sports followed by metaphor and memories associative as the second crucial factor. In addition, quality with grade importance was the most important factor in attracting trust component. Conclusion: Identify and prioritize the factors affecting neuromarketing can help the managers and sport marketers to know how human brain reacted to the messages designed by the sport advertising and the methods that increase the likelihood of consumer to purchase sport products. In addition, neuromarketing could be helpful to decrease costs of advertisements in sport.

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Epilepsy is a common and disabling neurological disorder initiated by the unpredictable EEG electrical discharges within the brain. Epilepsy management is most effective when the onset zone of the seizures can be exactly localized within the brain. Imaging is crucial in the evaluation and management of patients with epilepsy. MRI is the preferred imaging method for patients with seizures. Detection of structural abnormalities during preoperative investigations requires a dedicated epilepsy protocol for MRI studies. Sensitivity of MRI to find the localization of seizure onset zone has been improved by more advanced MRI technologies in recent years. Neuroimaging is central to the management of patients with medically refractory epilepsy and that play a crucial role for surgically resection process of epileptogenic zone.

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Introduction: Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a promising treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, but patient response variability necessitates reliable predictive biomarkers. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on potential biomarkers for RNS efficacy, addressing a critical knowledge gap in epilepsy management. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to August 2024 using a comprehensive search strategy combining terms related to "responsive neurostimulation", "epilepsy", and "biomarkers". Studies evaluating predictors of RNS outcomes in drug-resistant epilepsy were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed non-English publications, case reports, and studies lacking outcome data. To minimize bias, study selection and data extraction were conducted in separate phases. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used for quality assessment. The primary outcome was the identification of biomarkers associated with RNS efficacy. Results: Eight studies (1 randomized controlled trial, 7 cohort studies) met inclusion criteria, involving 3,695 patients. Neuroimaging biomarkers, particularly structural connectivity patterns on diffusion-weighted imaging, were consistently associated with seizure reduction. Electrophysiological markers, including high-gamma band synchronizability and specific interictal discharge patterns, showed potential in forecasting RNS response. Magnetoencephalography-derived functional connectivity measures demonstrated high predictive accuracy in one study. Clinical factors such as unifocal seizure onset, prior stereoelectroencephalography, and shorter epilepsy duration were frequently associated with improved outcomes. Quality assessment revealed moderate to high methodological rigor across studies, with robust outcome measures and adequate follow-up periods. Conclusion: Emerging neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and clinical biomarkers show promise in predicting RNS efficacy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Integration of these biomarkers may optimize patient selection and improve clinical outcomes. Future research should focus on prospective validation and development of integrated prediction models to enhance clinical applicability.
 

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Introduction: Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 1% of the global population and is an important issue that needs to be tackled. The diagnosis and management of epilepsy remains challenging due to the complexity of seizure patterns and the variability of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. EEG is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that has been instrumental in understanding epilepsy pathophysiology and identifying biomarkers for seizure prediction and diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This study explores the crucial role of EEG in epilepsy research, focusing on its applications in seizure detection, source localization, and neurophysiological characterization. Results: We investigate the EEG-based approaches to differentiate epilepsy subtypes, predict seizure onset, and monitor treatment responses. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the potential of EEG-based biomarkers in improving epilepsy diagnosis, treatment outcomes, and quality of life for patients.