en P142: Inflammation or Neurodegeneration: Which one has Remarkable Role in Multiple Sclerosis? تحقیقات پایه در علوم اعصاب Basic research in Neuroscience مروری Review --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background:#FBFAF9;"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">لطفاً به چکیده انگلیسی مراجعه شود</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="background:#FBFAF9;"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">.</span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease resulting from the occurrence of intermingled episodes of neuroinflammation and degeneration. However, this concept has recently challenged by several observations suggesting that in this disease neurodegeneration might occur independently of inflammation. The evidence that active neurodegeneration in MS is invariably associated with inflammation is provided. The attack of myelin starts inflammatory processes, which triggers other immune cells and the release of soluble factors like cytokines and antibodies. Further breakdown of the blood&ndash;brain barrier in turn causes a number of other damaging effects such as swelling, activation of macrophages, more activation of cytokines and other destructive proteins. Inflammation can potentially reduce transmission of information between neurons in at least three ways. The soluble factors released might stop neurotransmission by intact neurons. These factors could lead to or enhance the loss of myelin, or they may cause the axon to break down completely. Neuroinflammation could also found in deep gray matter with pathological and clinical relevance. Therefore, control of inflammation with anti-inflammatory therapies must take into account as one of the main purposes of MS treatment parallel with other immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive treatments. Future therapeutic options for this disease discussed based on recent knowledge of the mechanisms of inflammation and neurodegeneration.</div> Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, Multiple Sclerosis 173 173 http://shefayekhatam.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-24-1174&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Fahimeh Nourbakhsh Fahimeh Nourbakhsh nourbakhshf951@mums.ac.ir 100319475328460015955 100319475328460015955 Yes Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Samira Barangi Samira Barangi 100319475328460015956 100319475328460015956 No Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Vajiheh Nourbakhsh Vajiheh Nourbakhsh 100319475328460015957 100319475328460015957 No Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA) Hospital, Isfahan, Iran Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA) Hospital, Isfahan, Iran Afsaneh Yazdanpanah Afsaneh Yazdanpanah 100319475328460015958 100319475328460015958 No School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elaheh Tajbakhsh Elaheh Tajbakhsh 100319475328460015959 100319475328460015959 No Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran