Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Using Support Vector Machines as an Intelligent Algorithm for Detecting Seizures from EEG Signals
1
9
FA
Mojtaba
Mohammadpoor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Gonabad Higher Education Complex, Gonabad, Iran
Atefe
Alizadeh
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Gonabad Higher Education Complex, Gonabad, Iran
Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most commonly used method to study the function of the brain. This study represents a computerized model for distinguishing between epileptic and healthy subjects using EEG signals with relatively high accuracy. Materials and Methods: The EEG database used in this study was obtained from the data available in Andrzejak. This dataset consists of 5 EEG sets (designated as A to E), each containing 100 EEG sections. Collections A and B comprised EEG signals that have been taken from 5 healthy volunteers. The C and D sets referred to EEGs from patients with focal epilepsy (without ictal recordings) and the E set was derived from a patient with ictal recording. Support vector machines were used after applying principal components analysis or linear discriminant analysis over the features of the signals. MATLAB has been used to implement and test the proposed classification algorithm. To evaluate the proposed method, the confusion matrix, overall success rate, ROC, and the AUC of each class were extracted. K-fold cross-validation technique was used to validate the results. Results: The overall success rate achieved in this study was above 82%. Dimension reduction algorithms can improve its accuracy and speed. Conclusion: It is helpful to be able to predict the occurrence of a seizure early and accurately. Using the computerized model represented in this study could accomplish this goal.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Analysis of Electroencephalogram of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Correlation Dimension
Changes in brain Map
10
21
FA
Nahid
Ghoreishi
Department of Medical Engineering, Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran
Samane
Zare Molkabad
Department of Medical Engineering, Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran
Somayeh
Baratzade
Department of Medical Engineering, Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran
Ateke
Goshvarpoor
Department of Medical Engineering, Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran
Ghasem
Sadeghi Bajestani
Department of Medical Engineering, Imam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects information processing in the nervous system and the procedure of natural brain evolution. Therefore, the processing and analysis of the brain function of these patients have captivated the attention of many researchers. Qualitative electroencephalography (EEG) is an evaluation method for determining functional brain abnormalities that is different from quantitative EEG. Chaotic tools are used in qualitative EEG whereas linear and nonlinear methods are applied in quantitative EEG. The purpose of the present study is to compare qualitative EEG findings of healthy and autistic subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, 19 channels of brain signals (Cz, C4, F4, Fz, F3, C3, P3, Pz, P4, T4, F8, Fp2, Fp1, F7, T3, T5, O1, O2, T6) of 6 healthy and 5 autistic subjects were evaluated in two phases. At first 5-minutes with closed eyes and then 5-minutes with opened eyes, the subject's EEG was recorded. After removing the artifacts, the correlation dimension of the signals was calculated, and brain maps were plotted to analyze the changes of correlation dimension on the scalp surface. Results: By comparison of the brain maps of the healthy and autistic groups between the opened and closed eyes periods, we found there was a difference between the brain function of the groups, especially in the T3 and T4 regions of the temporal regions as well as frontal and posterior areas. Conclusion: Using brain maps, correlation dimension mapping on the brain surface provides a better understanding of brain dynamics in autistic subjects.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Pivotal Response Treatment and Applied Behavioral Analysis on the Symptoms Severity and Executive Functions in Autistic Children
22
34
FA
Pegah
Tababaienavainobari
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
mehran
solymani
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
Behzad
Shalchi
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the effectiveness of pivotal response treatment (PRT) and applied behavioral analysis (ABA) on the severity of symptoms and executive functions in autistic children. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design associated with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all children with autism spectrum disorder (5-12 years old) who referred to Tabriz Autism Center in 2019. For the purpose of sampling, 60 autistic children were selected using the available sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups, the first experimental PRT group (n=20), the second experimental ABA group (n=20), and the control group (n=20). The data were collected using the Garz test and the College Neuropsychological and Personality Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that PRT and ABA exerted beneficial effects on the severity of symptoms and executive functions, decreased the severity of symptoms, and improved executive functions in children. Furthermore, the results of the post hoc test showed that the training of the PRT method was significantly superior to the ABA method over the severity of symptoms and executive functions. Conclusion: Attention to these educational methods (PRT and ABA) has an important role in the reduction of symptoms severity and the improvement of executive functions of autistic children.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Predicting mindfulness effect on irritability with Bayesian models, regression and neural network
35
47
FA
Elham
PourAfrouz
Department of Cognitive Modeling, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
Saeed
Setayeshi
Department of Energy and Physics, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Iman Allah
Bigdeli
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Mir Mohsen
Pedram
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Artificial intelligence researchers are trying to implement human intelligence on the machine. This study aimed to develop an appropriate predictive computer model to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on irritability. Materials and Methods: The design of the present study is quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test method. 135 individuals who referred to Khane Mehr counseling center in Mashhad and participated in an 8-session mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) course were included in this study. Totally, 11 MBCT courses were held and 10 to 14 people participated in each course. Participants completed the irritability questionnaire (Pourafrouz & et al.) at two stages (before treatment and after treatment). In order to examine the differences from pre-test to post-test in this research, the variance analysis of repeated measures was used. Results: There was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test irritability scores. The effect of mindfulness was 83%. To develop the prediction model, three Bayesian, regression, and neural network models were compared. The Bayesian model, with 93% accuracy test data, was considered the most appropriate model. Moreover, the Bayesian models with input and output clustering (85.7%), the Bayesian with classification (71.49%), and the sequential neural network (64.29%) were identified as suitable models to predict the effectiveness of 8-session mindfulness courses on reducing irritability. The Bayesian model with output clustering, one-output regression, and the Convulsions Neural Network did not have sufficient predictive accuracy for the effectiveness of mindfulness. Conclusion: Using cognitive modeling, we can predict the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on irritability.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
The Effect of Six-Week HIIT Swimming Exercise and Resveratrol Supplementation on the Level of SIRT3 in Frontal Lobe of Aged Rats
48
59
FA
Amin
Mehrabi
a. Department of Sport Sciences, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran. b. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abbasali
Gaeini
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Reza
Nouri
Department of Sport Sciences, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran
Farhad
Daryanoosh
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Introduction: Mitochondrial disorders play an essential role in reducing the health, infestation, and progression of aging. The SIRT3 in mitochondria coordinates many mitochondrial biological aspects that are important in aging. Moreover, it alters directly the activity of many metabolic enzymes. Exercise has been able to enhance SIRT3 protein’s expression and improve antioxidant function and neuroprotection. Resveratrol acts as a modulator of SIRT3 and has anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HIIT swimming activity and resveratrol supplementation on SIRT3 levels in the frontal lobe among older rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; control (C), solvent (S), supplement (R), HIIT exercise (EX), HIIT exercise, and supplement (EXR)). The EX group performed HIIT swimming training for six weeks. Group C rats did not practice. Group R rats received only resveratrol supplementation. Rats in the EXR group performed HIIT swimming exercises with resveratrol. Group S received the only solvent. The SIRT3 protein levels were assessed frontal lobe of the rats. Results: A significant increase in SIRT3 protein was observed in group R, EX, and EXR groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was a substantial difference between the mean values of SIRT3 protein among the three groups. SIRT3 levels in the EX and EXR groups were significantly greater compared to the R group. Conclusion: Increasing the amount of SIRT3 in the response of HIIT swimming training in older rats indicating the involvement of this protein in metabolic pathways, antioxidant defense, and neuroprotection. In addition to metabolic tissues, this process occurs in the frontal lobe of the brain.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
The Effectiveness of Yoga Exercises on Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Psoriasis
60
67
FA
Mohammad
Jalilvand
Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Rezvan
Souri
General Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Mahtab
Solimanitabar
Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Introduction: In addition to experiencing physical symptoms, patients with psoriasis experience a wide range of psychological problems, including depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of yoga exercises on anxiety and depression in patients with psoriasis. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a semi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test with a control group. Twenty patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups of yoga practice and control with equal numbers. Participants completed the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory. The experimental group received yoga interventions for 8 weeks (two sessions per week). Results: The results showed a significant decrease in anxiety and depression scores of psoriasis patients following yoga exercises. Conclusion: Yoga training is effective in reducing anxiety and depression in patients with psoriasis. Participation in yoga exerts beneficial effects on the psychological conditions of patients with psoriasis.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Comparison of the Effectiveness Behavioral Activation Treatment Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Executive Functions of Learning the Rules, Inhibiting Impulsivity, and Flexibility in Patients with Depression
68
78
FA
Sahar
Amiri
Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Parvin
Ehtesham Zadeh
Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Fariba
Hafezi
Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Mohamad Reza
Borna
Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Introduction: Little attention has been paid to the impairment of executive functions (EF) in depression disorders when evaluating the effectiveness of therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two important therapies of behavioral therapy approach, namely therapy based on Behavioral Activation Therapy (BA) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the three executive function components of inhibition, learning rules, and flexibility in patients with depression. Materials and Methods: This research was quasi-experimental field research with a pre-posttest and control group with a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of all clients diagnosed with depression in the psychology and counseling centers of Ahvaz in 2019. Forty-five of them were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. To collect the data Tower Test and Word Context Test of D-KEFS were used. Results: The results showed that ACT and BA significantly improve the learning of rules, inhibition, and mental flexibility of subjects with depression immediately after treatment. However, the effectiveness of BA on learning the rules and inhibition was significantly higher than ACT. In the follow-up phase, only the effectiveness of BA on the two components of rule learning and inhibition remained stable, and ACT did not retain its effectiveness on any of the components of EF after a two-month period. Conclusion: Considering the different range of intensity and duration of effect of BA and ACT on different EF components of patients with depression, our findings can be useful for selecting and designing the most appropriate treatment approach according to the needs of each patient.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
The Effect of Royal Jelly on Depression and Anxiety in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease
79
90
FA
Maryam
Azimpour
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Mohammad
Fathi
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Omid
Dezfoulian
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Introduction: Royal Jelly (RJ) may exert positive effects on the function of the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of RJ on depression and anxiety in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) model in rats. Materials and Methods: 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups; healthy (HC), AD, sham (SH), and RJ-treated. Forced Swimming Test (FST) for depression and Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) for anxiety assessment were performed. Gene expression in the samples was measured using Real-Time PCR. Results: The dependent variable of immobility significantly increased in the AD group compared to the HC and RJ groups. Furthermore, the SH group has shown greater immobility than the HC group. The antioxidant indexes of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly greater in the RJ group compared to the SH and AD groups. These indexes were also higher in the HC group than in the SH and AD groups. The RJ and HC groups exhibited a significant reduction in anxiety behaviours compared to the other groups. Conclusion: RJ supplementation has the ability to modulate the mood in the TMT model of AD in rats and may exert beneficial effects in the treatment of AD.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Examining the Necessity of Attention for Consciousness in Iconic Memory Using Modified
Stroop Paradigm
91
99
FA
Mehdi
Afzalinia
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Imanollah
Bigdeli
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Javad
Salehi Fadardi
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: One of the main challenging issues in cognitive science is the role of attention in consciousness. It is generally believed that attention is essential for consciousness. However, some studies have shown in some conditions, such as iconic memory, consciousness happens without attention. In previous studies, using iconic memory dual tasks in which attention is locally diverted to peripheral task in order to examine consciousness in the central task has caused the problem of expectation and previous knowledge in perception of the stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to test attention necessity for consciousness in iconic memory using the modified Stroop paradigm. Materials and Methods: Thirty Participants subjects were selected and randomly assigned to the partial and whole report groups. Results: Participants had significantly more correct responses in the partial group compared to the whole report group both in congruent and incongruent conditions. This indicates that attentional bias to word processing in incongruent conditions did not affect the correct responses compared to congruent conditions. Conclusion: Attention is not necessary for consciousness in iconic memory.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
The Effects of COVID-19 on Mental Health, Socio-Economic Issues, and Social Interactions in Tehran: A Pilot Study
100
110
FA
Pir Hossien
Kolivand
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Hadi
Kazemi
Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Covid-19 pandemic has created a worldwide emergency that poses a devastating threat to mental health, economic, and social indicators. Social distancing and quarantine have seriously damaged social relations. The quarantine can lead to socio-economic problems, such as long-term unemployment, job losses, and declining family incomes in many countries. Declining social relations and changing economic conditions can lead to serious crises, particularly psychological issues, in metropolitan areas. Hence, it is necessary to look at these aspects that have received less attention. Materials and Methods: In this study, the socio-economic aspects of COVID-19 disease in Tehran collected from 200,000 citizens based on qualitative indicators in the form of a questionnaire, and then the data were analyzed. Results: The results of this project showed that people's responses are very different depending on the type of job (private, government, informal, and self-employment). The type of employment relationship is decisive in answering questions, such as job loss during and after the corona pandemics, living standards, and reduced costs of luxury goods. Conclusion: In order to reduce the social risks, non-governmental organizations and the government should prepare and implement programs to ensure job security, create a desire to save, produce structured job opportunities, and develop skills.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
Management of Hospitalized Adult Patients with Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A Therapeutic Guideline
111
118
FA
Pir Hossien
Kolivand
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Vahid
Dehestani
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Hadi
Kazemi
Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 strain, is highly contagious and can be fatal in acute cases. In severe cases, hypoxia leads to hypoxemia. In these conditions, oxygen management using ventilation and intubation is very necessary. Optimizing and standardizing treatment management through clinical data can improve the quality of care as well as the patient's condition. Materials and Methods: In this study, using data from randomized clinical trials and systematic review and meta-analysis, several critical PICOs (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) were collected. The GRADE approach was also used to evaluate the quality of evidence and the effectiveness of the recommendations derived from the studies. Results: Based on the available evidence, the following recommendations advised to improve the condition of patients: I) the use of systemic corticosteroids in patients who need oxygen and the use of anticoagulant drugs during hospitalization recommended. II) Treatment of monoclonal antibody (i.e., interleukin -6-receptor antagonist) with oxygen is conditionally recommended in patients with respiratory failure. III) The hydroxychloroquine in combination with lopinavir-ritonavir should not be used in patients with respiratory failure. IV) The use of azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin, colchicine, and remdesivir are recommended temporarily in patients with ventilation. V) Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment have a significant effect on the patient's recovery. Conclusion: The proposed guideline obtained from the evaluation of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses can improve the outcomes of patients with COVID-19 disease.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System: Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions
119
139
EN
samira
ramazi
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
fatemeh
arani
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
atlasi
safaei
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
zeinab
abbasi
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
zahra
heidari
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
hanieh
Ghasemian nafchi
Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Homa
Mohammadsadeghi
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Science and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fariba
karimzadeh
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Astrocytes are cells with distinct morphological and functional properties in certain areas of the brain and play regulatory roles, such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, control of the blood-brain barrier permeability, and maintaining extracellular homeostasis. Moreover, astrocytes play a key role in the development and modulation of neural circuits through communicating with axons, dendrites, and synapses according to the needs of the surrounding cells. Furthermore, astrocytes play an essential role in synaptic plasticity, and memory formation via the modulation of neural function. Mature astrocytes are activated following central nervous system damage and changed to reactive astrocytes type A1 and A2. Supporting roles of reactive astrocytes may shift to toxic functions and finally cause the progression of neurological diseases. Neurotransmitter disorder, abnormal brain development, and regeneration of synaptic structures are observed in the brains of patients with neuropsychological diseases. Extensive studies have pointed to the role of astrocytes in depression, schizophrenia, and drug dependence. On the other hand, astrocytes are an important factor in neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurological and radiological studies have shown that these diseases are associated with severe inflammation and astrocytes are among the most important cells that cause inflammation. Reactive astrocytes play a role in the pathology of various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's. Alterations in neurotransmitters, cellular connections, receptors, signaling pathways (especially in the field of inflammation), secretion of inflammatory factors, aqueous channels, secretion of growth factors, protein deposition, ionic homeostasis, and finally, changes in the size and number of astrocytes have been considered as the most important pathogenic mechanisms in astrocytes. Conclusion: Regulation of reactive astrocytes could be an effective clinical strategy for the treatment of neurological and psychological diseases.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
A Review of the Breast Milk Properties with Emphasis on the Neuroprotective Potential of Human Breast-Derived Stem Cells
140
150
FA
Mohammad Amin
Edalatmanesh
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Introduction: In recent years, the discovery of stem cells in breast milk, the fate of these cells in infants, and their potential role in regenerative medicine are taken into consideration. Due to the high plasticity and differentiation capacity of these cells as well as the possibility of their differentiation into neural-like cells, the role of these cells during infancy and the possibility of their migration along the intestinal-brain axis are extensively investigated. Conclusion: Considering the attractive properties of breast milk, the possible role of milk stem cells in the amelioration of pediatric neurological disorders in newborns, and the possibility of increasing neonatal intelligence quotient by migration to the neonatal brain, and their therapeutic potentials in regenerative medicine were reviewed.
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center
The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
2322-1887
9
2
2021
3
1
COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Mechanisms and Pathophysiology
151
159
FA
Ali
mohammadkhanizadeh
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
fariba
karimzadeh
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, which has emerged as a worldwide epidemic, is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and body aches. The virus enters the central nervous system in various ways and causes symptoms, such as dizziness, headache, and loss of consciousness, encephalitis, demyelination, neuropathy, stroke, seizure, and memory loss. Infection of the virus into the nervous system, particularly the hippocampus, can cause memory impairment. On the other hand, hypoxia due to lung infection may have a role in the development or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An increase of beta-amyloid production, as well as autophagy following hypoxia, causes nerve damage. Furthermore, chronic hypoxia reduces the expression of beta-amyloid-degrading enzymes by increasing the expression of the beta-secretase enzyme. On the other hand, peripheral proinflammatory cytokines produced by microglia are involved in increasing beta-amyloid levels and tau hyperphosphorylation. Other possible mechanisms involved in the development of AD following the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus infection include mitochondrial disorders and increased oxidative stress, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of AD. Oxidative stress increases beta-amyloid production by reducing alpha-secretase activity. Conclusion: The SARS‑CoV‑2 virus may exacerbate the symptoms of AD by entering directly into the central nervous system and damaging vital areas in-memory storage or the consequences of chronic hypoxia, oxidative stress, or increased production of peripheral proinflammatory cytokines.