|
|
|
|
 |
Volume 11, Issue 4 (Autumn 2023) |
 |
|
|
|
|
Are Blood Sugar Levels and Age Contribute to the Occurrence of Functional Disturbance of the 1st, 7th, and 9th Cranial Nerves in Patients with COVID-19?
|
Sajjad Salari   , Maryam Bagheri * |
| Department of Physiology, faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran , maryam.bagheri@medilam.ac.irilam.ac.ir |
|
|
Abstract: (192 Views) |
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can affect the peripheral and central nervous system. Headache, cerebrovascular disease, anosmia, taste and vision disorders, and neuropathic pain have been observed in patients with COVID-19. In this study, the effect of predisposing factors, such as blood sugar level and age, on the occurrence of changes in the function of some cranial nerves has been investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 1138 men and women with COVID-19 (18-89 years old) hospitalized in Shahid Mostafa Hospital in Ilam City without a history of diabetes were studied. Fasting blood sugar levels, taste disorders, smell disorders, sore throat, and various blood factors were studied in these individuals. Results: The rate of dysfunction of the 1st, sensory part of the 7th, and the 9th cranial nerves in non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 showed an inverse correlation with blood sugar level. Furthermore, the incidence of smell and taste disorders in patients with COVID-19 without a history of diabetes showed an inverse correlation with increasing age. Conclusion: Coronavirus can cause partial or complete dysfunction in the activity of some cranial nerves. The incidence of impaired sense of smell and taste in patients with COVID-19 decreases with increasing fasting blood sugar levels as well as with increasing age.
|
|
| Keywords: COVID-19, Nervous System Diseases, Taste Disorders, Olfaction Disorders |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 1097 kb]
(85 Downloads)
|
|
Type of Study: Research --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC |
Subject:
Neurophysiology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
|
1. Ochani R, Asad A, Yasmin F, Shaikh S, Khalid H, Batra S, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: from origins to outcomes. A comprehensive review of viral pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Infez Med. 2021; 29(1): 20-36. 2. Gao YD, Ding M, Dong X, Zhang JJ, Kursat Azkur A, Azkur D, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. Allergy. 2021; 76(2): 428-55. [ DOI:10.1111/all.14657] 3. Organization WH. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Brazilian Journal Of Implantology And Health Sciences. 2020; 2(3). 4. Pleasure SJ, Green AJ, Josephson SA. The spectrum of neurologic disease in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic infection: neurologists move to the frontlines. JAMA neurology. 2020; 77(6): 679-80. [ DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1065] 5. Bridwell R, Long B, Gottlieb M. Neurologic complications of COVID-19. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2020;38(7): 1549. e3-e7. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.024] 6. Liu K, Pan M, Xiao Z, Xu X. Neurological manifestations of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic 2019-2020. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2020; 91(6): 669-70. [ DOI:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323177] 7. Ogier M, Andéol G, Sagui E, Dal Bo G. How to detect and track chronic neurologic sequelae of COVID-19? Use of auditory brainstem responses and neuroimaging for long-term patient follow-up. Brain, behavior, & immunity-health. 2020; 5: 100081. [ DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100081] 8. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA neurology. 2020; 77(6): 683-90. [ DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127] 9. Li Z, Liu T, Yang N, Han D, Mi X, Li Y, et al. Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain. Frontiers of medicine. 2020; 14(5): 533-41. [ DOI:10.1007/s11684-020-0786-5] 10. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. bmj. 2020; 368. [ DOI:10.1136/bmj.m1091] 11. Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, Egi M, Lim C-M, Divatia JV, et al. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. The lancet respiratory medicine. 2020; 8(5): 506-17. [ DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30161-2] 12. Nath AJN. Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections. AAN Enterprises; 2020; 19(94): 809-810. [ DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000009455] 13. Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S. Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;87:34-9. [ DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027] 14. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74. [ DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8] 15. Fotuhi M, Mian A, Meysami S, Raji CA. Neurobiology of COVID-19. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76(1):3-19. [ DOI:10.3233/JAD-200581] 16. Lima-Martinez MM, Carrera Boada C, Madera-Silva MD, Marin W, Contreras M. COVID-19 and diabetes: A bidirectional relationship. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2021;33(3):151-7. [ DOI:10.1016/j.artere.2021.04.004] 17. Sullivan BN, Fischer T. Age-Associated Neurological Complications of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:653694. [ DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2021.653694] 18. Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Melis A, Cucurullo M, et al. Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID‐19 patients: Italian objective multicenter‐study. Head & neck. 2020;42(7):1560-9. [ DOI:10.1002/hed.26269] 19. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Hans S, Barillari MR, Jouffe L, Saussez S. Loss of smell and taste in 2013 European patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;173(8):672-5. [ DOI:10.7326/M20-2428] 20. Melley LE, Bress E, Polan E. Hypogeusia as the initial presenting symptom of COVID-19. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2020;13(5):e236080. [ DOI:10.1136/bcr-2020-236080] 21. Liang Y, Xu J, Chu M, Mai J, Lai N, Tang W, et al. Neurosensory dysfunction: a diagnostic marker of early COVID-19. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;98:347-52. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.086] 22. Spudich S, Nath A. Nervous system consequences of COVID-19. Science. 2022;375(6578):267-9. [ DOI:10.1126/science.abm2052] 23. Zeng J, Xu Y, Shi Y, Jiang C. Inflammation role in sensory neuropathy in Chinese patients with diabetes/prediabetes. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2018;166:136-40. [ DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.01.031] 24. Rasmussen VF, Vestergaard ET, Hejlesen O, Andersson CUN, Cichosz SL. Prevalence of taste and smell impairment in adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Primary care diabetes. 2018;12(5):453-9. [ DOI:10.1016/j.pcd.2018.05.006] 25. Pugnaloni S, Alia S, Mancini M, Santoro V, Di Paolo A, Rabini RA, et al. A study on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and taste function in patients with good glycemic control. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1112. [ DOI:10.3390/nu12041112] 26. Catamo E, Tornese G, Concas MP, Gasparini P, Robino A. Differences in taste and smell perception between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2021;31(1):193-200. [ DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.025] 27. Kim SJ, Windon MJ, Lin SY. The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology. 2019;4(5):465-75. [ DOI:10.1002/lio2.291] 28. Zaghloul H, Pallayova M, Al-Nuaimi O, Hovis KR, Taheri S. Association between diabetes mellitus and olfactory dysfunction: current perspectives and future directions. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2018;35(1):41-52. [ DOI:10.1111/dme.13542] 29. Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jane-Salas E, Vinas M, Lopez-Lopez J. Oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e586-e94. [ DOI:10.4317/medoral.21655] 30. Themistocleous AC, Ramirez JD, Shillo PR, Lees JG, Selvarajah D, Orengo C, et al. The Pain in Neuropathy Study (PiNS): a cross-sectional observational study determining the somatosensory phenotype of painful and painless diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2016;157(5):1132-45. [ DOI:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000491] 31. Sierra-Silvestre E, Bisset L, Coppieters MW. Altered pain processing in people with type I and II diabetes: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain threshold and pain modulation mechanisms. Systematic reviews. 2018;7(1):222. [ DOI:10.1186/s13643-018-0895-2] 32. Enríquez-Pérez IA, Galindo-Ordoñez KE, Pantoja-Ortíz CE, Martínez-Martínez A, Acosta-González RI, Muñoz-Islas E, et al. Streptozocin-induced type-1 diabetes mellitus results in decreased density of CGRP sensory and TH sympathetic nerve fibers that are positively correlated with bone loss at the mouse femoral neck. Neuroscience letters. 2017; 655: 28-34. [ DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.042] 33. Yazla S, Özmen S, Kıyıcı S, Yıldız D, Haksever M, Gencay S. Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2018; 34(3). [ DOI:10.1002/dmrr.2973] 34. Miri C, Charii H, Bouazzaoui MA, Laouan Brem F, Boulouiz S, Abda N, et al. D-dimer Level and Diabetes in the COVID-19 Infection. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2021; 27: 10760296211045902. [ DOI:10.1177/10760296211045902] |
|
Salari S, Bagheri M. Are Blood Sugar Levels and Age Contribute to the Occurrence of Functional Disturbance of the 1st, 7th, and 9th Cranial Nerves in Patients with COVID-19?. Shefaye Khatam 2023; 11 (4) :32-41 URL: http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-2405-en.html
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
