[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles Archive::
Guide for Authors::
For Reviewers::
Ethical Statements::
Registration::
Site Facilities::
Contact us::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
Copyright Policies

 

AWT IMAGE

 

..
Open Access Policy

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

..
:: Volume 11, Issue 4 (Autumn 2023) ::
Shefaye Khatam 2023, 11(4): 108-124 Back to browse issues page
Spreading Depression: Mechanism of Action in Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Arezou Eshaghabadi Niasari , Ali Gorji , Hanieh Jalali *
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran , jalali@khu.ac.ir
Abstract:   (219 Views)
Introduction: Spreading Depression (SD) is a pathophysiological phenomenon that occurs as a transient wave of depolarization of neurons and glial cells, and results in a temporary suppression of the activity of neurons. In this phenomenon, there is a disturbance in the distribution and balance of ions between the extracellular and intracellular environments and in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, SD is accompanied by a short increase in bioelectrical activity, followed by a strong transient depression of neuronal activity and a long-term excitability of the neuronal network. Recently, the neuroinflammatory function of this phenomenon, as one of the main contributors to neurological diseases, has been widely investigated. The role of SD has been revealed in some neurological diseases, such as migraine with aura, epilepsy, transient global amnesia, and cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral ischemia-infarction and stroke, as well as intracranial hemorrhage caused by traumatic head injury. Conclusion: Despite the large and growing body of evidence, the exact mechanism of SD propagation is still not clear and requires more in-depth investigations. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the underlying mechanism of SD and highlight the role of SD in the development of neuroinflammatory diseases.
 
Keywords: Cortical Spreading Depression, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Full-Text [PDF 660 kb]   (72 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC | Subject: Basic research in Neuroscience
References
1. George G. Somjen. Mechanisms of Spreading Depression and Hypoxic Spreading Depression-Like Depolarization. Physiological Reviews. Volume 81Issue 3. July 2001. Pages 1065-096. [DOI:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1065]
2. A.A.P. Leao. Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex J Neurophysiol 7: 359-390, 1944. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1944.7.6.359]
3. J. Bures, O. Buresova, J. Krivanek. In: The Mechanisms and Applications of Leao's Spreading Depression of Electroencephalographic Activity. Academic Press, New York, 1974.
4. Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Mirzaasgari Z, Gorji A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Apr 7;17(1):108. [DOI:10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6]
5. Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes 1, Ranilson de Souza Bezerra 2, Ricardo Abadie-Guedes. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Chapter 41 - Ethanol and Its Impact on the Brain's Electrical Activity. 2016, Pages 445-53. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-800213-1.00041-9]
6. B. Grafstein, Neuronal release of potassium during spreading depression, in: M.A.B. Brazier (Ed.), Brain Function, Vol. 1, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1963, pp. 87-124. Cortical Excitability and Steady Potentials, Relations of Basic Research to Space Biology. [DOI:10.1525/9780520310605-007]
7. A.J. Hansen, T. Zeuthen, Extracellular ion concentrations during, spreading depression and ischemia in the rat brain cortex, Acta Physiol. Scand. 113 (1981) 437-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06920.x]
8. R.P. Kraig, C. Nicholson, Extracellular ionic variations during spreading depression, Neuroscience 3 (1978) 1045-059. [DOI:10.1016/0306-4522(78)90122-7]
9. Gorji A (2001) Spreading depression: a review of the clinical relevance. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 38(1-2):33-60. Doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00081-9 [DOI:10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00081-9]
10. G. Mies, W. Paschen, Regional changes of blood flow, glucose, and ATP content determined on brain sections during a single passage of spreading depression in rat brain cortex, Exp. Neurol. 84 (1984), 249-58. [DOI:10.1016/0014-4886(84)90222-X]
11. Dreier JP, Lemale CL, Kola V, Friedman A, Schoknecht K. Spreading depolarization is not an epiphenomenon but the principal mechanism of the cytotoxic edema in various gray matter structures of the brain during stroke. Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt B):189-207. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027. Epub 2017 Sep 21. PMID: 28941738. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027]
12. Hellas JA, Andrew RD. Neuronal Swelling: A Non-osmotic Consequence of Spreading Depolarization. Neurocrit Care. 2021 Oct;35(Suppl 2):112-134. doi: 10.1007/s12028-021-01326-w. Epub 2021 Sep 8. PMID: 34498208; PMCID: PMC8536653. [DOI:10.1007/s12028-021-01326-w]
13. O. Cozzolino, M. Marchese, F. Trovato, E. Pracucci, G. Ratto, M. G. Buzzi, F. Sicca, F. Santorelli. Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death. Front Neurol. 2018; 9: 19. [DOI:10.3389/fneur.2018.00019]
14. Hartings JA, Li C, Hinzman JM, Shuttleworth CW, Ernst GL, Dreier JP, et al. Direct current electrocorticography for clinical neuromonitoring of spreading depolarizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2017) 37:1857-70. [DOI:10.1177/0271678X16653135]
15. M. Avoli, C. Drapeau, J. Louvel, R. Pumain, A. Olivier, J.G. Villemure, Epileptiform activity induced by low extracellular magnesium in the human cortex maintained in vitro, Ann. Neurol. 30 (1991) 589-96. [DOI:10.1002/ana.410300412]
16. M. Avoli, J. Louvel, C. Drapeau, R. Pumain, I. Kurcewicz. GABAA-mediated inhibition and in vitro epileptogenesis in the human neocortex, J. Neurophysiol. 73 (1995) 468-84. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.468]
17. Effects of TRPV1 on the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the epileptic rat brain. Saffarzadeh F, Eslamizade MJ, Ghadiri T, Modarres Mousavi SM, Hadjighassem M, Gorji A. Synapse. 2015 Jul;69(7):375-83. [DOI:10.1002/syn.21825]
18. M. Sramka, G. Brozek, J. Bures, P. Nadvornik, Functional ablation by spreading depression: possible use in human stereotactic neurosurgery, Appl. Neurophysiol. 40 (1977-78) 48-61. [DOI:10.1159/000102431]
19. Bastany ZJ, Askari S, Dumont GA, Speckmann EJ, Gorji A. Non-invasive monitoring of spreading depression. Neuroscience. 2016 Oct 1; 333:1-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.056]
20. A Gorji, PK Zahn, EM Pogatzki, EJ Speckmann. Spinal and cortical spreading depression enhance spinal cord activity. Neurobiology of disease, 15 (1), 70-79. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.09.014]
21. A.Van Harreveld, Two mechanisms for spreading depression in the chicken retina, J. Neurobiol. 9 (1978) 419-31. [DOI:10.1002/neu.480090602]
22. V. Parpura, T.A. Basarsky, F. Liu, K. Jeftinija, S. Jeftinia, P.G.Haydon, Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signalling, Nature 369 (1994) 744-47. [DOI:10.1038/369744a0]
23. P.E. Kunkler, R.P. Kraig, Calcium waves precede electrophysiological changes of spreading depression in hippocampal organ cultures, J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 3416-425. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03416.1998]
24. M. Nedergaard, Direct signaling from astrocytes to neurons in cultures of mammalian brain cells, Science 263 (1994) 1768-771. [DOI:10.1126/science.8134839]
25. Lotfinia M, Lotfinia A A, Khodaie B, Ahmadi M, Asaadi S, Jafarian M. Propagation of Spreading Depression: A Review of Different Hypothesis. Shefaye Khatam 2014; 2(3):53-64. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.shefa.2.3.53]
26. J. Bures, O. Buresova, J. Krivanek, The meaning and significance of Leao's spreading depression, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 56 (1984) 385-400
27. M. Lauritzen, Spreading depression and migraine, Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 40 (1992) 332-37.
28. M. Lauritzen, Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory, Brain 117 (1994) 199-210. [DOI:10.1093/brain/117.1.199]
29. H. Martins-Ferreira, G. de Oliveira Castro, Spreading depression in isolated chick retina, Vision Res. Suppl. 3 (1971) 171-84. [DOI:10.1016/0042-6989(71)90038-1]
30. H. Martins-Ferreira, M. Nedergaard, C. Nicholson, Perspectives on spreading depression, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 32 (2000) 215-34. [DOI:10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00083-1]
31. D.D. Mitsikostas, M. Sanchez del Rio, Receptor systems mediating c-fos expression within trigeminal nucleus caudalis in animal models of migraine, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 35 (2001) 20-35. [DOI:10.1016/S0165-0173(00)00048-5]
32. C. Nicholson, Comparative neurophysiology of spreading depression in the cerebellum, An. Acad. Bras. Ci. 56 (1984) 481-94.
33. A.A. Parsons, Recent advances in mechanisms of spreading depression, Curr. Opin. Neurol. 11 (1998) 227-231. [DOI:10.1097/00019052-199806000-00006]
34. U. Reuter, M. Sanchez del Rio, M.A. Moskowitz, Experimental models of migraine, Funct. Neurol. 15 (Suppl. 3) (2000) 9-18.
35. G.G. Somjen, P.G. Aitken, M. Balestrino, O. Herreras, K. Kawasaki, Spreading depression-like depolarization and selective vulnerability of neurons. A brief review, Stroke 21 (11 S) (1990) III-179-83.
36. R Ashayeri Ahmadabad, M Khaleghi Ghadiri, A Gorji. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: The impact of spreading depolarization. Journal of Neuroinflammation 17, 1-13. [DOI:10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6]
37. Aparna Ann Mathew, Rajitha Panonnummal. Cortical spreading depression: culprits and mechanisms. Exp Brain Res. 2022 Mar;240(3):733-749. doi: 10.1007/s00221-022-06307-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00221-022-06307-9]
38. Michela Dell'Orco, Jordan E Weisend, Nora I Perrone-Bizzozero, Andrew P Carlson, Russell A Morton, David N Linsenbardt, C William Shuttleworth. Repetitive spreading depolarization induces gene expression changes related to synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective pathways. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023 Dec 14:17:1292661. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1292661. [DOI:10.3389/fncel.2023.1292661]
39. Fátima Gimeno-Ferrer, Annett Eitner, Reinhard Bauer, Alfred Lehmenkühler, Marie-Luise Edenhofer, Michaela Kress, et al. From spreading depolarization to epilepsy with neuroinflammation: The role of CGRP in cortex. Exp Neurol. 2022 Oct: 356: 114152. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114152. [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114152]
40. Amrit Sudershan, Mohd Younis, Srishty Sudershan, Parvinder Kumar. Migraine as an inflammatory disorder with microglial activation as a prime candidate. Neurol Res. 2023 Mar;45(3):200-215. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2129774. [DOI:10.1080/01616412.2022.2129774]
41. Li Yuhan, Maryam Khaleghi Ghadiri, Ali Gorji. Impact of NQO1 dysregulation in CNS disorders. J Transl Med. 2024 Jan 2;22(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04802-3. [DOI:10.1186/s12967-023-04802-3]
42. Shraman Kumar Bohra, Raghu Ram Achar, Saravana Babu Chidambaram, Christophe Pellegrino, Jerome Laurin, Mojgan Masoodi, et al. Current perspectives on mitochondrial dysfunction in migraine. Eur J Neurosci. 2022 Jul;56(1):3738-3754. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15676. [DOI:10.1111/ejn.15676]
43. J Koistinaho, S Pasonen, J Yrjänheikki, P H Chan. Spreading depression-induced gene expression is regulated by plasma glucose. Stroke. 999 Jan;30(1):114-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.1.114. [DOI:10.1161/01.STR.30.1.114]
44. Yan Wang, Anne E Tye, Junli Zhao, Dongqing Ma, Ann C Raddant, Fan Bu, et al. Induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in rats by cortical spreading depression. Cephalalgia. 2019 Mar; 39(3): 333-41. [DOI:10.1177/0333102416678388]
45. Michela Dell'Orco, Jordan E Weisend, Nora I Perrone-Bizzozero, Andrew P Carlson, Russell A Morton, David N Linsenbardt et al. Repetitive Spreading Depolarization induces gene expression changes related to synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective pathways. bioRxiv 2023 Sep 25:2023.02.27.530317. doi: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530317. [DOI:10.1101/2023.02.27.530317]
46. Heidi G. Sutherland, Cassie L. Albury and Lyn R. Griffiths. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2019 Jun 21;20(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9. [DOI:10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9]
47. Panagiotis Bargiotas 1, Antje Krenz, Sheriar G Hormuzdi, Dirk A Ridder, Anne Herb, Waleed Barakat, et al. Pannexins in ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 20;108(51):20772-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018262108. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1018262108]
48. Shih-Pin Chen, Tao Qin, Jessica L Seidel, Yi Zheng, Matthias Eikermann, Michel D Ferrari, et al. Inhibition of the P2X7-PANX1 complex suppresses spreading depolarization and neuroinflammation. Brain. 2017 Jun 1;140(6):1643-1656. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx085. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awx085]
49. Tsubasa Takizawa, Tao Qin, Andreia Lopes de Morais, Kazutaka Sugimoto, Joon Yong Chung, Liza Morsett. Non-invasively triggered spreading depolarizations induce a rapid pro-inflammatory response in cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020 May;40(5):1117-1131. doi: 10.1177/0271678X19859381. [DOI:10.1177/0271678X19859381]
50. Isamu Aiba, Jeffrey L. Noebels. Kcnq2/Kv7.2 controls the threshold and bi-hemispheric symmetry of cortical spreading depolarization. Brain. 2021 Oct 22;144(9):2863-2878. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab141. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awab141]
51. Maria N Volobueva 1, Elena M Suleymanova 1, Maria P Smirnova 2, Alexey P Bolshakov 1, Lyudmila V Vinogradova. A Single Episode of Cortical Spreading Depolarization Increases mRNA Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Pannexin-1 Channels in the Cerebral Cortex. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 21;24(1):85. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010085. [DOI:10.3390/ijms24010085]
52. Mamoru Shibata, Satoshi Kitagawa, Miyuki Unekawa, Tsubasa Takizawa, Jin Nakahara. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide mRNA Synthesis in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons after Cortical Spreading Depolarization. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 18;24(14):11578. doi: 10.3390/ijms241411578. [DOI:10.3390/ijms241411578]
53. G.G. Somjen, P.G. Aitken, G.L. Czeh, O. Herreras, J. Jing, J.N. Young, Mechanism of spreading depression: a review of recent findings and a hypothesis, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70 (Suppl.) (1992) S248-254. [DOI:10.1139/y92-268]
54. Gorji A. Neuroinflammation: The Pathogenic Mechanism of Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 20;23(10):5744. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105744. [DOI:10.3390/ijms23105744]
55. Ghaemi, A. and Sajadian, A. Khodaie, B. and Lotfinia, A.A. and Lotfinia, M. and Aghabarari, A. and Khaleghi Ghadiri, M. and Meuth, S. and Gorji, A. (2016) Immunomodulatory Effect of Toll-Like Receptor-3 Ligand Poly I: C on Cortical Spreading Depression. Molecular Neurobiology, 53 (1). pp. 143-54. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-014-8995-z]
56. Bastany ZJR, Askari S, Dumont GA, Kellinghaus C, Kazemi A, Gorji A. Association of cortical spreading depression and seizures in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Dec;131(12):2861-874. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.016]
57. Biscetti L, Cresta E, Cupini L M, Calabresi P, Sarchielli P. The putative role of neuroinflammation in the complex pathophysiology of migraine: From bench to bedside. Neurobiol Dis. 2023 Mar 11; 180: 106072. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106072]
58. D.J. Dalessio, in: Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1980.
59. J.M. Pearce, Is migraine explained by Leao's spreading depression?, Lancet 2 (1985) 763-76. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90639-7]
60. K.S. Lashley, Pattern of cerebral integration indicated by scotomas of migraine, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 46 (1941) 331. [DOI:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1941.02280200137007]
61. A.A.P. Leao, R.S. Morrison, Propagation of spreading cortical depression, J. Neurophysiol. 8 (1945) 33-45. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1945.8.1.33]
62. G.D.A. Lord, Clinical characteristic of the migrainous aura, in: W.K. Amery, A. Wauquier (Eds.), The Prelude to the Migraine Attack, Bailliere Tindall, London, 1986, pp. 87-98.
63. P.M. Milner, Note on a possible correspondence between the scotomas of migraine and spreading depression of Leao, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10 (1958) 705. [DOI:10.1016/0013-4694(58)90073-7]
64. A.A.P. Leao, Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex, J. Neurophysiol. 7 (1944) 359-390. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1944.7.6.359]
65. Barbanti, P., Fabbrini, G., Pesare, M., Vanacore, N., Cerbo, R., 2002. Unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms in migraine. Cephalalgia. 22 (4), 256-59. [DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00358.x]
66. H Kazemi, EJ Speckmann, A Gorji. Familial hemiplegic migraine and spreading depression. Iranian journal of child neurology 8 (3), 6.
67. Obermann, M., Yoon, M.S., Dommes, P., Kuznetsova, J., Maschke, M., Weimar, C., Limmroth, V., Diener, H.C., Katsarava, Z., 2007. Prevalence of trigeminal autonomic symptoms in migraine: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 27 (6), 504-09. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01316.x]
68. T. Weiss, J. Bures, The arousal reaction during unilateral EEG spreading depression, Physiol. Bohemoslov. 8 (1959) 393-99.
69. A.G. Koreli, G. Brozek, Influence of cortical spreading depression on the habituation of visual evoked responses in the rabbit cortex and hippocampus, Physiol. Bohemoslov. 21 (1972) 90.
70. E. Del Bene, C. Conti, M. Poggioni, F. Sicuteri, Sexuality and headache, Adv. Neurol. 33 (1982) 209-214.
71. J.M. Pearce, Is migraine explained by Leao's spreading depression? Lancet 2 (1985) 763-66. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90639-7]
72. J. Huston, Yawning and penile erection induced in rats by cortical spreading depression, Nature 232 (1971) 274-275. [DOI:10.1038/232274a0]
73. J.N. Blau, Migraine postdromes: symptoms after attacks, Cephalalgia 11 (1991) 229-231. [DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1991.1105229.x]
74. J.N. Blau, What some patients can eat during migraine attacks: therapeutic and conceptual implications, Cephalalgia 13 (1993), 293-95. [DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1304293.x]
75. J. Bures, Spreading depression: basic mechanisms and possible role in the pathophysiology of migraine, in: J. Olesen, R.F. Schmidt (Eds.), Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Migraine, VCH, Weinheim, 1993, pp. 161-176.
76. J.P. Huston, J. Bures, Drinking and eating elicited by cortical spreading depression, Science 169 (1970) 702-704. [DOI:10.1126/science.169.3946.702]
77. T. Sacquegna, P. Cortelli, A. Baldrati et al., Impairment of memory and consciousness in migraine: clinical and EEG study, Funct. Neurol. 1 (1986) 431-437
78. G. Santoro, B. Casadei, A. Venco, The transient global amnesiamigraine connection. Case report, Funct. Neurol. 3 (1988) 353-60.
79. F .J. Winn, G.E. Todd, J.W. Elias, Cortical spreading depression induced aversion to saccharin at two levels of KCl: electroence-phalographic verification, Behav. Biol. 19 (1977) 55-63. [DOI:10.1016/S0091-6773(77)91345-1]
80. F.J. Winn, M.A. Kent, T.M. Libkuman, Learned taste aversion induced by cortical spreading depression, Physiol. Behav. 15 (1975) 21-24 [DOI:10.1016/0031-9384(75)90273-5]
81. J.L. Davis, O. Buresova, J. Bures, Cortical spreading depression and conditioned taste aversion: an attempt to resolve a controversy, Behav. Neural. Biol. 37 (1983) 338-343. [DOI:10.1016/S0163-1047(83)91444-9]
82. V.I. Koroleva, J. Bures, Rats do not experience cortical or hippocampal spreading depression as aversive, Neurosci. Lett. 149 (1993) 153-156. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90759-E]
83. K.M. Welch, G.L. Barkley, N. Tepley, N.M. Ramadan, Central neurogenic mechanisms of migraine. Neurology 43 (1993) S21-S25.
84. Kramer D.R. Fujii T. Ohiorhenuan I. Liu C.Y. Interplay between Cortical Spreading Depolarization and Seizures. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2017; 95(1):1-5. [DOI:10.1159/000452841]
85. Gorji A, Speckmann EJ: Spreading depression enhances the spontaneous epileptiform activity in human neocortical tissues. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:3371-374. [DOI:10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03436.x]
86. M Jafarian, SMM Mousavi, F Alipour, H Aligholi, F Noorbakhsh. Cell injury and receptor expression in the epileptic human amygdala. Neurobiology of disease 124, 416-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.017]
87. Mody I, Lambert JD, Heinemann U: Low extracellular magnesium induces epileptiform activity and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices. J Neurophysiol 1987; 57:869-88. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1987.57.3.869]
88. Gorji A, Scheller D, Straub H, Tegtmeier F, Kohling R, Hohling JM, Tuxhorn I, Ebner A, Wolf P, Werner Panneck H, Oppel F, and Speckmann EJ: Spreading depression in human neocortical slices. Brain Res 2001; 906:74-83. [DOI:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02557-4]
89. Koroleva VI, Bures J: Cortical penicillin focus as a generator of repetitive spike-triggered waves of spreading depression in rats. Exp Brain Res 1983; 51:291-97. [DOI:10.1007/BF00237205]
90. Eickhoff M, Kovac S, Shahabi P, Ghadiri MK, Dreier JP, Stummer W, Speckmann EJ, Pape HC, Gorji A: Spreading depression triggers ictaform activity in partially disinhibited neuronal tissues. Exp Neurol 2014; 253 [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.008]
91. Berger M, Speckmann EJ, Pape HC, Gorji A: Spreading depression enhances human neocortical excitability in vitro. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:558-562. 49. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01556.x]
92. Ghadiri MK, Kozian M, Ghaffarian N, Stummer W, Kazemi H, Speckmann EJ, Gorji A: Sequential changes in neuronal activity in single neocortical neurons after spreading depression. Cephalalgia 2012; 32:116-24. [DOI:10.1177/0333102411431308]
93. Lauderdale K, Murphy T, Tung T, Davila D, Binder DK, and Fiacco TA: Osmotic edema rapidly increases neuronal excitability through activation of NMDA receptor-dependent slow inward currents in juvenile and adult hippocampus. ASN Neuro 2015; 7: 1759091415605115. [DOI:10.1177/1759091415605115]
94. Koroleva VI, Bures J: Stimulation induced recurrent epileptiform discharges block cortical and subcortical spreading depression in rats. Physiol Bohemoslov 1982; 31:385-400.
95. Eickhoff M, Kovac S, Shahabi P, Ghadiri MK, Dreier JP, Stummer W, Speckmann EJ, Pape HC, Gorji A: Spreading depression triggers ictaform activity in partially disinhibited neuronal tissues. Exp Neurol 2014; 253:1 [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.008]
96. Fabricius M, Fuhr S, Willumsen L, Dreier JP, Bhatia R, Boutelle MG, Hartings JA, Bullock R, Strong AJ, Lauritzen M: Association of seizures with cortical spreading depression and peri-infarct depolarisations in the acutely injured human brain. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:1973-984. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.05.025]
97. Dreier JP, Major S, Pannek HW, Woitzik J, Scheel M, Wiesenthal D, Martus P, Winkler MK, Hartings JA, Fabricius M, Speckmann EJ, Gorji A; COSBID Study Group: Spreading convulsions, spreading depolarization and epileptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. Brain 2012; 135:259-75. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awr303]
98. Kaufmann D, Bates EA, Yagen B, Bialer M, Saunders GH, Wilcox K, White HS, and Brennan KC: sec -Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) has antimigraine properties. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 924-35. [DOI:10.1177/0333102415612773]
99. Muller M, Pape HC, Speckmann EJ, Gorji A: Effect of eugenol on spreading depression and epileptiform discharges in rat neocortical and hippocampal tissues. Neuroscience 2006; 140: 743-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.036]
100. Marrannes R, Willems R, De Prins E, Wauquier A: Evidence for a role of the N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor in cortical spreading depression in the rat. Brain Res 1988; 457:226-40. [DOI:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90690-7]
101. S Kovac, EJ Speckmann, A Gorji Uncensored EEG: The role of DC potentials in neurobiology of the brain. Progress in neurobiology 165, 51-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.001]
102. B Supcun, MK Ghadiri, M Zeraati, W Stummer, EJ Speckmann, A Gorji. The effects of tetanic stimulation on plasticity of remote synapses in the hippocampus‐perirhinal cortex‐amygdala network. Synapse 66 (11), 965-74. [DOI:10.1002/syn.21591]
103. Lotfinia A A, Khodaie B, Lotfinia M, Ahmadi M, Jafarian M. Roles of Excitatory and Inhibitory Receptors in Spreading Depression. Shefaye Khatam 2013; 1 (3) :38-48. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.shefa.1.3.38]
104. S. Oppenheimer, V. Hachinski, Complications of acute stroke, Lancet 339 (1992) 721-24. [DOI:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90607-5]
105. J.P. Broderick, J.W. Swanson, Migraine-related strokes. Clinical profile and prognosis in 20 patients, Arch. Neurol. 44 (1987) 868-71. [DOI:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520200070022]
106. F. Andermann, E. Lugaresi, G.S. Dvorkin, P. Montagna, migraine: the syndrome of prolonged classical migraine, epilepsia partialis continua, and repeated strokes; a clinically characteristic disorder probably due to mitochondrial encephalopathy, Funct. Neurol. Neurosurg. Neurol. 1 (1986) 481-86.
107. P. Montagna, R. Gallassi, R. Medori et al., MELAS syndrome: characteristic migrainous and epileptic features and maternal transmission, Neurology 38 (1988) 751-54. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.38.5.751]
108. M. Nedergaard, J. Astrup, Infarct rim: effect of hyperglycemia on direct current potential and (C) 2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6 (1986) 607-15. [DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.1986.108]
109. B.K. Siesjo, F. Bengtsson, Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists, and calcium-related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia, and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9 (1989) 127-140. [DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.1989.20]
110. K.A. Hossmann, Periinfarct depolarizations, Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 8 (1996) 195-08.
111. V.I. Koroleva, J. Bures, The use of spreading depression waves for acute and long-term monitoring of the penumbra zone of focal ischemic damage in rats, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 3710-714. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3710]
112. G.G. Somjen, P.G. Aitken, M. Balestrino, O. Herreras, K. Kawasaki, Spreading depression-like depolarization and selective vulnerability of neurons. A brief review, Stroke 21 (11 S) (1990) III-179-83.
113. N.A. Gorelova, J. Krivanek, J. Bures, Functional and metabolic correlates of long series of cortical spreading depression waves in rats, Brain Res. 404 (1987) 379-81. [DOI:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91399-0]
114. A.J. Hansen, M. Nedergaard, Brain ion homeostasis in cerebral ischemia, Neurochem. Pathol. 9 (1988) 195-09. [DOI:10.1007/BF03160362]
115. K.A. Hossmann, Mechanisms of ischemic injury: is glutamate involved? in: J. Krieglstein, H. Oberpichler-Schwenk (Eds.), Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia, Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, 1994, pp. 239-251.
116. T.H. Jones, R.B. Morawetz, R.M. Crowell et al., Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys, J. Neurosurg. 54 (1981) 773-82. [DOI:10.3171/jns.1981.54.6.0773]
117. T. Back, M.D. Ginsberg, W.D. Dietrich, B.D. Watson, Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 (1996) 202-13. [DOI:10.1097/00004647-199603000-00004]
118. K. Shimizu, R. Veltkamp, D.W. Busija, Characteristics of induced spreading depression after transient focal ischemia in the rat, Brain Res. 861 (2000) 316-24. [DOI:10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02032-1]
119. A. Mayevsky, A. Doron, T. Manor, S. Meilin, N. Zarchin, G.E. Ouaknine, and Cortical spreading depression recorded from the human brain using a multiparametric monitoring system, Brain Res. 740. (1996) 268-74. [DOI:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)00874-8]
120. Rathmann T, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Stummer W, Gorji A. Spreading Depolarization Facilitates the Transition of Neuronal Burst Firing from Interictal to Ictal State. Neuroscience. 2020 Aug 10; 441: 176-83. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.029]
121. G.S. Allen, Cerebral arterial spasm, Clin. Neurosurg. 32 (1985) 70-78.
122. B. Weir, M. Grace, J. Hansen, C. Rothberg, Time course of vasospasm in man, J. Neurosurg. 48 (1978) 173-78. [DOI:10.3171/jns.1978.48.2.0173]
123. R.L. Macdonald, B.K. Weir, A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm, Stroke 22 (1991) 971-82. [DOI:10.1161/01.STR.22.8.971]
124. B.J. Alpers, F.M. Forster, The reparative processes in subarachnoid hemorrhage, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 4 (1945) 262-68. [DOI:10.1097/00005072-194504030-00005]
125. E.M. Hammes Jr., Reaction of the meninges to blood, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 52 (1944) 505-14. [DOI:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1944.02290360077006]
126. G.S. Allen, H.S. Ahn, T.J. Preziosi et al., Cerebral arterial spasm a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, New Engl. J. Med. 308 (1983) 619-24. [DOI:10.1056/NEJM198303173081103]
127. L.M. Auer, L. Brandt, U. Ebeling et al, Nimodipine and early aneurysm operation in good condition SAH patients, Acta Neurochir. 82 (1986) 7-13. [DOI:10.1007/BF01456313]
128. R.E. Grady, R.A. Strickland, A.Y. Fabi, M.J. Murray, Intraoperative use of nitric oxide during intracranial aneurysm clipping in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 11 (1999) 124-26. [DOI:10.1097/00008506-199904000-00009]
129. J.E. Thomas, R.H. Rosenwasser, Reversal of severe cerebral vasospasm in three patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: initial observations regarding the use of intraventricular sodium nitroprusside in humans, Neurosurgery 44 (1999) 48-57. [DOI:10.1097/00006123-199901000-00026]
130. A.A. De Salles, J.P. Muizelaar, H.F. Young, Hyperglycemia, cerebrospinal fluid lactic acidosis, and cerebral blood flow in head-injured patients, Neurosurgery 21 (1987) 45-50. [DOI:10.1227/00006123-198707000-00009]
131. A.J. Baker, R.J. Moulton, V.H. MacMillan, P.M. Shedden, Excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury in humans, J. Neurosurg. 79 (1993) 369-72. [DOI:10.3171/jns.1993.79.3.0369]
132. T. Yamamoto, S. Rossi, M. Stiefel et al., CSF and ECF glutamate concentrations in head injured patients, Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 75 (1999) 17-19. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-7091-6415-0_4]
133. M. Markianos, A. Seretis, A. Kotsou, M. Christopoulos, CSF neurotransmitter metabolites in comatose head injury patients during changes in their clinical state, Acta Neurochir. 138 (1996) 57-59. [DOI:10.1007/BF01411725]
134. H. Oka, M. Kako, M. Matsushima, K. Ando, Traumatic spreading depression syndrome. Review of a particular type of head injury in 37 patients, Brain 100 (1977) 287-98. [DOI:10.1093/brain/100.2.287]
135. K.E. Livingston, M. Mahloudji, Delayed focal convulsive seizures after head injury in infants and children. A syndrome that mimic extradural hematoma, Neurology (Minneapolis) 11 (1961) 1017-020. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.11.11.1017]
136. D.E. Sakas, K.W. Whittaker, H.L. Whitwell, E.G. Singounas, Syndromes of posttraumatic neurological deterioration in children with no focal lesions revealed by cerebral imaging: evidence for a trigeminovascular pathophysiology, Neurosurgery 41 (1997) 661-67. [DOI:10.1227/00006123-199709000-00031]
137. W.B. Matthews, Footballer's migraine, Br. Med. J. 2 (May) (1972), 326-27. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.2.5809.326]
138. D. Haas, G.S. Pineda, H. Lourie, Proceedings: Trauma triggered migraine and juvenile head trauma syndromes, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 38 (1975) 409. [DOI:10.1136/jnnp.38.4.409-a]
139. S. Mun-Bryce, A.C. Wilkerson, N. Papuashvili, Y.C. Okada, Recurring episodes of spreading depression are spontaneously elicited by an intracerebral hemorrhage in the swine, Brain Res. 888 (2001) 248-55. [DOI:10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03068-7]
140. K. Sunami, T. Nakamura, M. Kubota et al., Spreading depression following experimental head injury in the rat, Neurol. Med. Chir. 29 (1989) 975-80. [DOI:10.2176/nmc.29.975]
141. L.R. Caplan, Transient global amnesia: Characteristic features and overview, in: H.J. Markowitsch (Ed.), Transient Global and Related Disorders, Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, 1990, pp. 15-27.
142. C.M. Fisher, R.D. Adams, Transient global amnesia, Acta Neurol. Scand. 40 (1964) S9:1-83.
143. T. Sacquegna, P. Cortelli, A. Baldrati et al., Impairment of memory and consciousness in migraine: clinical and EEG study, Funct Neurol. 1 (1986) 431-437.
144. G. Santoro, B. Casadei, A. Venco, The transient global amnesia migraine connection. Case report, Funct. Neurol. 3 (1988) 353-60.
145. D.J. Dalessio, in: Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1980.
146. J.W. Miller, R.C. Petersen, E.J. Metter, C.H. Millikan, T. Yanagihara, Transient global amnesia: clinical characteristics and prognosis, Neurolog 37 (1987) 733-37. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.37.5.733]
147. T.P. Melo, J.M. Ferro, H. Ferro, Transient global amnesia. A control study, Brain 115 (1992) 261-70. [DOI:10.1093/brain/115.1.261]
148. Chamanzar A, Elmer J, Shutter L, Hartings J, Grover P. Noninvasive and reliable automated detection of spreading depolarization in severe traumatic brain injury using scalp EEG. Commun Med (Lond). 2023 Aug 19;3 (1):113. [DOI:10.1038/s43856-023-00344-3]



XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Eshaghabadi Niasari A, Gorji A, Jalali H. Spreading Depression: Mechanism of Action in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Shefaye Khatam 2023; 11 (4) :108-124
URL: http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-2427-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (Autumn 2023) Back to browse issues page
مجله علوم اعصاب شفای خاتم The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.09 seconds with 45 queries by YEKTAWEB 4645