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Anatomical, Physiological, Pathological, and Genetic Changes in Parkinson's Disease
Mohammad Hossein Karimzadeh , Sadegh Shirian , Parya Heidary , Behnam Bakhtiari Moghadam *
Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran , behnam2373@gmail.com
Abstract:   (15 Views)
Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with extensive changes at the anatomical, physiological, and pathological levels. Anatomically, the selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and the reduction of dopamine levels in the striatum are the main features of this disease. This degeneration occurs in a progressive and heterogeneous manner, leading to involvement of other brain regions, including the basal ganglia, locus coeruleus, and cerebral cortex. Structural changes, such as temporal lobe atrophy and white matter dysfunction, are also associated with the progression of cognitive impairment in these patients. From a physiological perspective, PD is associated with dysfunction of feedback neural circuits, particularly the corticostriatal-thalamocortical loop. Decreased dopamine leads to hyperactivity of the indirect pathway and motor inhibition, while dysfunction of other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate, contributes to the development of motor and non-motor symptoms. Studies have shown that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation caused by microglia activation contribute to the progression of the disease. At the pathological level, the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in the form of Lewy bodies is the main indicator of the disease. In addition, abnormal accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra and increased oxidative stress are contributing factors in neuronal degeneration. Genetic mutations, particularly in the SNCA and LRRK2 genes, also play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Conclusion: Understanding these changes could help develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including deep brain stimulation, iron chelating agents, and gene therapy. However, further research is needed to understand the complex interactions between these mechanisms and to design multimodal interventions. This comprehensive review emphasizes the importance of examining the multidimensional nature of PD and finding effective strategies for its management.
 
Keywords: Nerve Degeneration, Cognitive Dysfunction, Neurotransmitter Agents, Oxidative Stress, alpha-Synuclein
Full-Text [PDF 558 kb]   (3 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC | Subject: Neuropathology
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مجله علوم اعصاب شفای خاتم The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam
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