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A Comparative Study of Cognitive Warfare: Strategic Innovation by Recreating Old Patterns
Javad Momeni , Ali Gorji *
a. Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Münster University, Münster, Germany. b. Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. , gorjial@uni-muenster.de
Abstract:   (20 Views)
Introduction: In recent decades, psychological warfare has emerged as one of the key components of contemporary hybrid operations. Psychological warfare employs deliberate cognitive strategies to influence the emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors of target populations. These strategies include propaganda, the dissemination of biased information, the dissemination of rumors, threats, economic sanctions, and other psychological methods. Although the fundamental nature of these cognitive strategies has remained relatively consistent over time, the means and tools of their application have changed significantly. Examining the historical roots of psychological warfare and analyzing the evolution of its techniques can provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics shaping this domain. This review article aimed to explain the theoretical and historical foundations of cognitive warfare and to examine the evolution of its methods within the context of contemporary developments. Conclusion: The evolution of psychological warfare demonstrates that while tactics and instruments have changed, their underlying principles remain constant. A critical analysis of these methods and the promotion of public awareness regarding psychological and informational manipulation can play a vital role in enhancing societal cognitive resilience, strengthening national cohesion, and neutralizing future psychological threats.
 
Keywords: Cognition, Resilience, Psychological, Methods
     
Type of Study: Review --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC | Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
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