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Volume 12, Issue 3 (Summer 2024) |
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Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological Changes in Different Parts of the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease
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Sadegh Shirian *   , Narges Tahmasebian , Behnam Bakhtiari Moghadm , Fatemh Zahra Kiani , Mohammad Rasoul Amini |
| Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran , shirian85@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (824 Views) |
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, that poses a significant health challenge in industrialized societies. Primarily associated with aging, AD frequently leads to dementia and is characterized by cognitive decline, synaptic dysfunction, and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles within the brain. Key pathological features of this disease include the destruction of neuronal synapses, necrosis of brain cells, and the extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein, forming amyloid plaques. The neuropathology of AD is complex, involving mixed proteinopathy. This is characterized by the deposition of Aβ in the brain tissues as amyloid plaques and the formation of tau-related neurofibrillary tangles within neurons, often accompanied by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. From an anatomical view, AD is commonly associated with moderate atrophy of structures within the subcortical structures. Moreover, the frontal and temporal cortices often exhibit pronounced atrophy and ventricular enlargement. However, the primary motor and sensory cortices generally remain unaffected in the majority of AD cases. Physiologically, the pathogenesis of AD is complex and involves various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death, genetic mutations, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis. Conclusion: Understanding the anatomical, physiological, and pathological changes that occur in AD is crucial for advancing awareness of the disease’s progression and for improving diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. This review explores these alterations across various brain regions to provide a comprehensive perspective on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD.
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| Keywords: Amyloid, Pathological Conditions, Anatomical, Neuropathology |
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Full-Text [PDF 540 kb]
(284 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Review --- Open Access, CC-BY-NC |
Subject:
Neurology
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Shirian S, Tahmasebian N, Bakhtiari Moghadm B, Kiani F Z, Amini M R. Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological Changes in Different Parts of the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease. Shefaye Khatam 2024; 12 (3) :103-116 URL: http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-2493-en.html
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