1. Kolodkin AL, Matthes DJ, Goodman CS. The semaphorin genes encode a family of transmembrane and secreted growth cone guidance molecules. Cell. 1993; 75(7): 1389–99. [DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90625-Z]

2. Pasterkamp RJ, Kolodkin AL. Semaphorin junction: making tracks toward neural connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003; 13(1): 79-89. [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00003-5]

3. Negishi M, Oinuma I. Semaphorins. Springer. 2015; p. 1-17.

4. Goodman C, Kolodkin A, Luo Y, Püschel A RJ. Unified nomenclature for the semaphorins/collapsins. semaphorin nomenclature committee. Cell. 1999; 97(5): 551-2. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80766-7]

5. Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Immune semaphorins: a new area of semaphorin research. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116(17): 3463-70. [DOI:10.1242/jcs.00674]

6. Potiron V, Nasarre P, Roche J, Healy C, Boumsell L. Semaphorin signaling in the immune system. Semaphorins: Receptor and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms. Springer; 2007. p. 132-44. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-70956-7_11]

7. Takahashi T, Fournier A, Nakamura F, Wang L-H, Murakami Y, Kalb RG, et al. Plexin-neuropilin-1 complexes form functional semaphorin-3A receptors. Cell. 1999; 99(1)59-69. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80062-8]

8. Tamagnone L, Artigiani S, Chen H, He Z, Ming G, Song H, et al. Plexins are a large family of receptors for transmembrane, secreted, and GPI-anchored semaphorins in vertebrates. Cell. 1999; 99(1): 71-80. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80063-X]

9. Winberg ML, Noordermeer JN, Tamagnone L, Comoglio PM, Spriggs MK, Tessier-Lavigne M, et al. Plexin A is a neuronal semaphorin receptor that controls axon guidance. Cell. 1998; 95(7): 903-16. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81715-8]

10. Kang S, Kumanogoh A. Semaphorins in bone development, homeostasis, and disease. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology. Elsevier; 2013. p. 163-71.

11. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology. 9th ed. Elsevier. 2017; p. 25-49.

12. Pasterkamp RJ, Peschon JJ, Spriggs MK, Kolodkin AL. Semaphorin 7A promotes axon outgrowth through integrins and MAPKs. Nature. 2003; 424(6947): 398-405. [DOI:10.1038/nature01790]

13. Kumanogoh A, Watanabe C, Lee I, Wang X, Shi W, Araki H, et al. Identification of CD72 as a lymphocyte receptor for the class IV semaphorin CD100: a novel mechanism for regulating B cell signaling. Immunity. 2000; 13(5): 621-31. [DOI:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00062-5]

14. Kumanogoh A, Marukawa S, Suzuki K, Takegahara N, Watanabe C, Ch'ng E, et al. Class IV semaphorin Sema4A enhances T-cell activation and interacts with Tim-2. Nature. 2002; 419(6907): 629-33. [DOI:10.1038/nature01037]

15. Nojima S, Kumanogoh A. Semaphorins in the immune system. Semaphorins. Springer; 2015. p. 137-57.

16. Zhou Y, Gunput R-AF, Pasterkamp RJ. Semaphorin signaling: progress made and promises ahead. Trends Biochem Sci. 2008; 33(4): 161-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2008.01.006]

17. Suzuki K, Okuno T, Yamamoto M, Pasterkamp RJ, Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, et al. Semaphorin 7A initiates T-cell-mediated inflammatory responses through alpha1beta1 integrin. Nature. 2007; 446(7136): 680-4. [DOI:10.1038/nature05652]

18. Gu C, Yoshida Y, Livet J, Reimert DV, Mann F, Merte J, et al. Semaphorin 3E and plexin-D1 control vascular pattern independently of neuropilins. Science. 2005; 307(5707): 265-8. [DOI:10.1126/science.1105416]

19. Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A. Diverse roles for semaphorin- plexin signaling in the immune system. Trends Immunol. 2012; 33(3): 127-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.it.2012.01.008]

20. Roney K, Holl E, Ting J. Immune plexins and semaphorins: old proteins, new immune functions. Protein Cell. 2013; 4(1): 17-26. [DOI:10.1007/s13238-012-2108-4]

21. Wong AW, Brickey WJ, Taxman DJ, van Deventer HW, Reed W, Gao JX, et al. CIITA-regulated plexin-A1 affects T-cell–dendritic cell interactions. Nat Immunol. 2003; 4(9): 891-8. [DOI:10.1038/ni960]

22. Takamatsu H, Takegahara N, Nakagawa Y, Tomura M, Taniguchi M, Friedel RH, et al. Semaphorins guide the entry of dendritic cells into the lymphatics by activating myosin II. Nat Immunol. 2010; 11(7): 594-600. [DOI:10.1038/ni.1885]

23. Gu C, Giraudo E. The role of semaphorins and their receptors in vascular development and cancer. Exp Cell Res. 2013; 319(9): 1306-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.003]

24. Alvarez D, Vollmann EH, von Andrian UH. Mechanisms and consequences of dendritic cell migration. Immunity. 2008; 29(3): 325-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.006]

25. Takamatsu H, Okuno T, Kumanogoh A, Takamatsu H. Regulation of immune cell responses by semaphorins and their receptors. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 7(2): 1-54. [DOI:10.1038/cmi.2009.111]

26. Lepelletier Y, Moura IC, Hadj Slimane R, Renand A, Fiorentino S, Baude C, et al. Immunosuppressive role of semaphorin 3A on T cell proliferation is mediated by inhibition of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Eur J Immunol. 2006; 36(7): 1782-93. [DOI:10.1002/eji.200535601]

27. Moretti S, Procopio A, Lazzarini R, Rippo MR, Testa R, Marra M, et al. Semaphorin 3A signaling controls Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis by promoting Fas translocation into lipid rafts. Blood. 2008; 111(4): 2290-9. [DOI:10.1182/blood-2007-06-096529]

28. Yamamoto M, Suzuki K, Okuno T, Ogata T, Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, et al. Plexin-A4 negatively regulates T lymphocyte responses. Int Immunol. 2008; 20(3): 413-20. [DOI:10.1093/intimm/dxn006]

29. Mizui M, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Immune semaphorins: novel features of neural guidance molecules. J Clin Immunol. 2009; 29(1): 1-11. [DOI:10.1007/s10875-008-9263-7]

30. Kumanogoh A, Shikina T, Suzuki K, Uematsu S, Yukawa K, Kashiwamura S-I, et al. Nonredundant roles of Sema4A in the immune system: defective T cell priming and Th1/Th2 regulation in Sema4A-deficient mice. Immunity. 2005; 22(3): 305-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.01.014]

31. Nakagawa Y, Takamatsu H, Okuno T, Kang S, Nojima S, Kimura T, et al. Identification of semaphorin 4B as a negative regulator of basophil-mediated immune responses. J Immunol. 2011; 186(5): 2881-8. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1003485]

32. Karasuyama H, Mukai K, Obata K, Tsujimura Y, Wada T. Nonredundant roles of basophils in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011; 29: 45-69. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101257]

33. Kataoka TR, Kumanogoh A, Bandara G, Metcalfe DD, Gilfillan AM. CD72 negatively regulates KIT-mediated responses in human mast cells. J Immunol. 2010; 184(5): 2468-75. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.0902450]

34. Delaire S, Elhabazi A, Bensussan A, Boumsell L. CD100 is a leukocyte semaphorin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998; 54(11): 1265-76. [DOI:10.1007/s000180050252]

35. Bougeret C, Mansur I-G, Dastot H, Schmid M, Mahouy G, Bensussan A, et al. Increased surface expression of a newly identified 150-kDa dimer early after human T lymphocyte activation. J Immunol. 1992; 148(2): 318-23.

36. Wu M, Li J, Gao Q, Ye F. The role of Sema4D/CD100 as a therapeutic target for tumor microenvironments and for autoimmune, neuroimmune and bone diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016; 20(7): 885-901. [DOI:10.1517/14728222.2016.1139083]

37. Oinuma I, Ishikawa Y, Katoh H, Negishi M. The semaphorin 4D receptor plexin-B1 is a GTPase activating protein for R-ras. Science. 2004; 305(5685): 862-5. [DOI:10.1126/science.1097545]

38. Adachi T, Flaswinkel H, Yakura H, Reth M, Tsubata T. Cutting edge: the B cell surface protein CD72 recruits the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 upon tyrosine phosphorylation. J Immunol. 1998; 160(10): 4662-5.

39. Adachi T, Wienands J, Wakabayashi C, Yakura H, Reth M, Tsubata T. SHP-1 requires inhibitory co-receptors to down-modulate B cell antigen receptor-mediated phosphorylation of cellular substrates. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276(28): 26648-55. [DOI:10.1074/jbc.M100997200]

40. Suzuki K, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Semaphorins and their receptors in immune cell interactions. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9(1): 17-23. [DOI:10.1038/ni1553]

41. Shi W, Kumanogoh A, Watanabe C, Uchida J, Wang X, Yasui T, et al. The class IV semaphorin CD100 plays nonredundant roles in the immune system: defective B and T cell activation in CD100-deficient mice. Immunity. 2000; 13(5): 633-42. [DOI:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00063-7]

42. Hall KT, Boumsell L, Schultze JL, Boussiotis VA, Dorfman DM, Cardoso AA, et al. Human CD100, a novel leukocyte semaphorin that promotes B-cell aggregation and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93(21): 11780-5. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11780]

43. Xue D, Desjardins M, Kaufman GN, Beland M, Al-Tememi S, Ahmed E, et al. Semaphorin 4c: a novel component of B-cell Polarization in Th2-driven immune responses. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 558. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00558. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00558]

44. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology. 9th ed. Elsevier. 2017; p. 179-207.

45. Kuchroo VK, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH, Freeman GJ. The TIM gene family: emerging roles in immunity and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3(6): 454-62. [DOI:10.1038/nri1111]

46. Toyofuku T, Yabuki M, Kamei J, Kamei M, Makino N, Kumanogoh A, et al. Semaphorin 4A, an activator for T cell mediated immunity, suppresses angiogenesis via Plexin D1. EMBO J. 2007; 26(5): 1373-84. [DOI:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601589]

47. Makino N, Toyofuku T, Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, Okuno T, Nakagawa Y, et al. Involvement of Sema4A in the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. FEBS Lett. 2008; 582(28): 3935-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.10.040]

48. Takamatsu H, Okuno T, Kumanogoh A. Regulation of immune cell responses by semaphorins and their receptors. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010; 7(2): 83-8. [DOI:10.1038/cmi.2009.111]

49. Delgoffe GM, Woo S-R, Turnis ME, Gravano DM, Guy C, Overacre AE, et al. Stability and function of regulatory T cells is maintained by a neuropilin-1-semaphorin-4a axis. Nature. 2013; 501(7466): 252-6. [DOI:10.1038/nature12428]

50. Kumanogoh A, Suzuki K, Ch'ng E, Watanabe C, Marukawa S, Takegahara N, et al. Requirement for the lymphocyte semaphorin, CD100, in the induction of antigen-specific T cells and the maturation of dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2002; 169(3): 1175-81. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1175]

51. Watanabe C, Kumanogoh A, Shi W, Suzuki K, Yamada S, Okabe M, et al. Enhanced immune responses in transgenic mice expressing a truncated form of the lymphocyte semaphorin CD100. J Immunol. 2001; 167(8): 4321-8. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4321]

52. Witherden DA, Watanabe M, Garijo O, Rieder SE, Sarkisyan G, Cronin SJF, et al. The CD100 receptor interacts with its plexin B2 ligand to regulate epidermal γδ T cell function. Immunity. 2012; 37(2): 314-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.026]

53. Holl EK, Roney KE, Allen IC, Steinbach E, Arthur JC, Buntzman A, et al. Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 in dendritic cells: expression and IL-12/IL-23p40 production. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8): e43333. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0043333]

54. Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, Toyofuku T, Tsujimura T, Okuno T, Yukawa K, et al. Plexin-A1 and its interaction with DAP12 in immune responses and bone homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol. 2006; 8(6): 615-22. [DOI:10.1038/ncb1416]

55. Bobolis KA, Moulds JJ, Telen MJ. Isolation of the JMH antigen on a novel phosphatidylinositol-linked human membrane protein. Blood. 1992; 79(6): 1574-81.

56. Yamada A, Kubo K, Takeshita T, Harashima N, Kawano K, Mine T, et al. Molecular cloning of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecule CDw108. J Immunol. 1999; 162(7): 4094-100.

57. Comeau MR, Johnson R, DuBose RF, Petersen M, Gearing P, VandenBos T, et al. A poxvirus-encoded semaphorin induces cytokine production from monocytes and binds to a novel cellular semaphorin receptor, VESPR. Immunity. 1998; 8(4): 473-82. [DOI:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80552-X]

58. Walzer T, Galibert L, Smedt T De. Poxvirus semaphorin A39R inhibits phagocytosis by dendritic cells and neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2005; 35(2): 391-8. [DOI:10.1002/eji.200425669]

59. Liu H, Juo ZS, Shim AH-R, Focia PJ, Chen X, Garcia KC, et al. Structural basis of semaphorin-plexin recognition and viral mimicry from Sema7A and A39R complexes with PlexinC1. Cell. 2010; 142(5): 749-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.040]

60. Scott GA, McClelland LA, Fricke AF, Fender A. Plexin C1, A receptor for semaphorin 7A, inactivates cofilin and is a potential tumor suppressor for melanoma progression. J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129(4): 954-63. [DOI:10.1038/jid.2008.329]

61. Xue D, Desjardins M, Mazer BD, Massoud AH, Beland M. Allergic airway inflammation can be regulated by semaphorin 4c through controlling b-cell migration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133(2): doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.517. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.517]

62. Maier V, Jolicoeur C, Rayburn H, Takegahara N, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H, et al. Semaphorin 4C and 4G are ligands of Plexin-B2 required in cerebellar development. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011; 46(2): 419-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.005]

63. Nishide M, Kumanogoh A. The role of semaphorins in immune responses and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017; 14(1): 19-31. [DOI:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.201]

64. Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Immunological functions of the neuropilins and plexins as receptors for semaphorins. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13(11): 802-14. [DOI:10.1038/nri3545]

65. Worzfeld T, Offermanns S. Semaphorins and plexins as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014; 13(8): 603-21. [DOI:10.1038/nrd4337]

66. Eixarch H, Gutiérrez-Franco A, Montalban X, Espejo C. Semaphorins 3A and 7A: potential immune and neuroregenerative targets in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med. 2013; 19(3): 157-64. [DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.003]

67. Kremer D, Hartung H-P, Küry P. Targeting semaphorins in MS as a treatment strategy to promote remyelination: a tale of mice, rats and men. Mult Scler J. 2015; 21(13): 1616-7. [DOI:10.1177/1352458515608693]

68. Loma I, Heyman R. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011; 9(3): 409-16. [DOI:10.2174/157015911796557911]

69. Syed YA, Hand E, Mobius W, Zhao C, Hofer M, Nave KA, et al. Inhibition of CNS remyelination by the presence of semaphorin 3A. J Neurosci. 2011; 31(10): 3719-28. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4930-10.2011]

70. Piaton G, Aigrot M-S, Williams A, Moyon S, Tepavcevic V, Moutkine I, et al. Class 3 semaphorins influence oligodendrocyte precursor recruitment and remyelination in adult central nervous system. Brain. 2011; 134(4): 1156-67. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awr022]

71. Smith ES, Jonason A, Reilly C, Veeraraghavan J, Fisher T, Doherty M, et al. SEMA4D compromises blood–brain barrier, activates microglia, and inhibits remyelination in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;73: 254-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.008]

72. Okuno T, Nakatsuji Y, Kumanogoh A. The role of immune semaphorins in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett. 2011; 585(23): 3829-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.033]

73. Gutiérrez-Franco A, Eixarch H, Costa C, Gil V, Castillo M, Calvo-Barreiro L, et al. Semaphorin 7A as a potential therapeutic target for Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol. 2017; 54(6): 4820-31. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-016-0154-2]

74. Nakatsuji Y, Okuno T, Moriya M, Sugimoto T, Kinoshita M, Takamatsu H, et al. Elevation of sema4A implicates Th cell skewing and the efficacy of ifn-b therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol. 2012; 188(10): 4858-65. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1102023]

75. Costa C, Martínez-Sáez E, Gutiérrez-Franco A, Eixarch H, Castro Z, Ortega-Aznar A, et al. Expression of semaphorin 3A, semaphorin 7A and their receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions. Mult Scler J. 2015; 21(13): 1632-43. [DOI:10.1177/1352458515599848]

76. Cantó E, Tintoré M, Villar LM, Borrás E, Álvarez-Cerme-o JC, Chiva C, et al. Validation of semaphorin 7A and ala-β-his-dipeptidase as biomarkers associated with the conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2014; 11(1): 181. [DOI:10.1186/s12974-014-0181-8]

77. Koda T, Okuno T, Takata K, Honorat JA, Kinoshita M, Tada S, et al. Sema4A inhibits the therapeutic effect of IFN-β in EAE. J Neuroimmunol. 2014; 268(1-2): 43-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.014]

78. Nakatsuji Y. [Sema4A as a biomarker predicting responsiveness to IFN β treatment]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2014; 54(12): 972-4. [DOI:10.5692/clinicalneurol.54.972]

79. Koda T, Okuno T, Nakatsuji Y, Takata K, Honorat JA, Namba A, et al. Investigation of Sema4A as a biomarker for treatment selection for Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2014; 275(1-2): 20-1. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.058]

80. Koda T, Namba A, Nakatsuji Y, Niino M, Miyazaki Y, Sugimoto T, et al. Beneficial effects of fingolimod in MS patients with high serum Sema4A levels. PLoS One. 2018; 13(3): e0193986. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193986]