1. Tamimi AF, Juweid M. Epidemiology and Outcome of Glioblastoma. In: De Vleeschouwer S, editor. Glioblastoma [Internet]. Brisbane (AU): Codon Publications; 2017.

2. Louis DN, Perry, Wesseling, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro-Oncology. 2021; 23(8): 1231-1251. [DOI:10.1093/neuonc/noab106]

3. Babazadeh SM, Zolfaghary MR, Shirian, Ghaemi A. Pathogenic and Therapeutic Role of MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam; 8(2): 107-118. [DOI:10.29252/shefa.8.2.107]

4. Stupp, Mason WP, Bent MJvd, Weller M, Fisher, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 352(10): 987-996. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa043330]

5. Liu Y, Zhou, Ali, Lathia JD, Chen P. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. cellular & molecular immunology. 2024: 1354-1375. [DOI:10.1038/s41423-024-01226-x]

6. Jackson CM, Choi J, Lim. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: lessons from glioblastoma. Nature Immunology. 2019: 1100-1109. [DOI:10.1038/s41590-019-0433-y]

7. Eshaghabadi Niasari A, Foroutan T, Gorji, Meshkinkhood NM. Identifying Mechanisms of Radiation Resistance in Glioblastoma Using Bioinformatic and Molecular-Cellular. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2026; 14(1): 51-63. [DOI:10.61882/shefa.14.1.51]

8. Faraji Rad. Immunotherapy for Brain Tumor. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2017; 5(2).

9. Mao M, Lei Y, Ma, Xie HY. Challenges and Emerging Strategies of Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. ChemBioChem. 2025. [DOI:10.1002/cbic.202400848]

10. Emrani MA, Sahab Negah S. Tumour Associated Macrophages and Vasculogenic Mimicry: A New Insight in Glioblastoma Treatment. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2018; 6(2): 143.

11. Habashy KJ, Mansour R, Moussalem, Sawaya, Massaad MJ. Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. British Journal of Cancer. 2022; 127(6). [DOI:10.1038/s41416-022-01864-w]

12. Schonfeld E, Choi, Tran A, Kim LH, Lim M. The landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials in glioblastoma: A systematic review. Neurooncol Adv. 2024; 6(1). [DOI:10.1093/noajnl/vdae174]

13. Ng AT, Steve T, Jamouss KT, Arham A, Kawtharani S, Assi HI. The challenges and clinical landscape of glioblastoma immunotherapy. CNS Oncol. 2024; 13(1). [DOI:10.1080/20450907.2024.2415878]

14. Behzad Basirat AM, Behzad Basirat Z, Rezaei Kia F, Ebrahimi S, Gorji A. Microglia: Structure, Function, and Role in the CNS. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam.2025; 13(4): 91-111. [DOI:10.61882/shefa.13.4.91]

15. Zhou Y, Shi, Zhu J, Yuan Y. An update on the clinical trial research of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol. 2025; 16. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1582296]

16. Zhang, Hong, Wu T, Ben, Li, Xie T. Role of gut microbiota in regulating immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol. 2024; 15. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401967]

17. Sarfraz, Maharaj, Venu VA, Lathia JD, Odia Y, Ahluwalia MS. Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: An Overview of Current Status. Clin Pharmacol. 2025; 17: 185-209. [DOI:10.2147/CPAA.S497903]

18. Iorgulescu JB, Gokhale PC, Speranza MC, Eschle BK, Poitras MJ, Wilkens MK, et al. Concurrent Dexamethasone Limits the Clinical Benefit of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 2020; 27(1). [DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2291]

19. Mariniello A, Migliorini D. CAR-T cell therapies are coming after glioblastoma: An overview of early phase clinical trials and future perspectives. iScience. 2026; 29(2). [DOI:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114609]

20. McGranahan T, Therkelsen KE, Ahmad, Nagpal. Current State of Immunotherapy for Treatment of Glioblastoma. Neuro-oncology. 2019; 20. [DOI:10.1007/s11864-019-0619-4]

21. Barati S, Ghoflchi S, Hosseinzadeh P, Pouramini S, Hosseini H, Jalili-Nik M. Promising Cancer Vaccine for Glioblastoma Therapy: A Focus on mRNA Vaccine. Cancer Medicine. 2025;14(18): e71187. [DOI:10.1002/cam4.71187]

22. Weller M, Butowski N, Tran DD, Recht LD, Lim M, Hirte H, Ashby L, et al. ACT IV trial investigators. Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncology. 2017;18(10):1373-85. [DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30517-X]

23. Ahluwalia MS, Reardon DA, Abad AP, Curry WT, Wong ET, Figel SA, et al. Phase IIa Study of SurVaxM Plus Adjuvant Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2023 1;41(7):1453-65. [DOI:10.1200/JCO.22.00996]

24. Liau LM, Ashkan, Brem, Campian JL, Trusheim JE, Iwamoto FM, et al. Association of Autologous Tumor Lysate-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccination with Extension of Survival Among Patients with Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Glioblastoma. JAMA Oncol. 2022; 9(1): 112-21. [DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.5370]

25. Lutz J, Feist RK, Sonntag T, Peguero-Sánchez E, Wolter K, Bick R, et al. Preclinical development of an mRNA-based multiepitope immunotherapeutic for glioblastoma. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy. 2025;74(11) [DOI:10.1007/s00262-025-04178-x]

26. Heydarian S. Drug Nanocarriers as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in GlioblastomaMultiforme. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2023; 11(3): 110-126. [DOI:10.61186/shefa.11.3.110]

27. Weenink, French PJ, Smitt PAES, Debets R, Geurts M. Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Shortcomings and Future Perspectives. Cancers. 2020; 12(3). [DOI:10.3390/cancers12030751]

28. Liu, Wang, Su S, Cheng G, Zhao H, Sun. Oncolytic Viruses in Glioblastoma: Clinical Progress, Mechanistic Insights, and Future Therapeutic Directions. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(24). [DOI:10.3390/cancers17243948]

29. Lim M, Xia Y, Bettegowda C, Weller M. Current state of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2018; 422-442; 15(7). [DOI:10.1038/s41571-018-0003-5]

30. Angom RS, Nakka NMR, Bhattacharya. Advances in Glioblastoma Therapy: An Update on Current Status. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(11). [DOI:10.3390/brainsci13111536]

31. Ijaz M, Hasan I, Jiang Z, Ullah Z, Aslam B, Khurshid M, et al. Combinatory Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Treatment. Advanced Therapeutics. 2024; 7(11). [DOI:10.1002/adtp.202400217]

32. Bausart M, Préat, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2022; 41(1). [DOI:10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2]

33. Fukushima CM, Groot Jd. Updates for newly diagnosed and recurrent: a review of recent clinical trials. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2024; 37(6): 666-671. [DOI:10.1097/WCO.0000000000001320]

34. Stathopoulos, Glorieux P, Rokas EM, Savelkoul HFJ. Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM). Cancers. 2025; 17(23). [DOI:10.3390/cancers17233772]

35. Mahmoud AB, Ajina R, Aref S, Darwish M, Alsayb, Taher M, et al. Advances in immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Front. Immunol. 2022; 13. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.944452]

36. Reardon DA, Brandes AA, Omuro, Mulholland, Lim M, Wick A, et al. Effect of Nivolumab vs Bevacizumab in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma: The CheckMate 143 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020; 6(7): 1003-1010. [DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1024]

37. Alizadeh, Gorizan A, Akbari Dana, Ghaemi A. Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors: From Basic to Clinical Trial Studies. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2015; 3(2): 77-84. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.shefa.3.2.77]

38. Iorgulescu JB, Gokhale PC, Speranza MC, Eschle BK, Poitras MJ, Wilkens MK, et al. Concurrent Dexamethasone Limits the Clinical Benefit of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 2020; 27(1): 276-287. [DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2291]

39. Cloughesy TF, Mochizuki AY, Orpilla JR, Hugo, Lee AH, Davidson B, et al. Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma. Nature Medicine. 2019; 25(3). [DOI:10.1093/neuonc/noy148.007]

40. Begley SL ODBZ. CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma: A review of the first decade of clinical trials. Molecular Therapy. 2025; 33(6). [DOI:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.004]

41. Bagley SJ, Logun M, Fraietta JA, Wang, Desai AS, Bagley LJ, et al. Intrathecal bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL13Rα2 in recurrent glioblastoma: phase 1 trial interim results. Nature Medicine. 2024; 30: 1320-1329. [DOI:10.1038/s41591-024-02893-z]

42. Choi D, Gerstner ER, Frigault MJ, Leick MB. Intraventricular CARv3-TEAM-E T Cells in Recurrent Glioblastoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024; 390: 1290-1298. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2314390]

43. Lim, Ansstas G, et a. Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide plus nivolumab or placebo for newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter. Neuro-Oncology. 2022; 24(11): 1935-1949. [DOI:10.1093/neuonc/noac116]

44. Nassiri F, Patil V, Yefet LS, Singh, Liu, Dang RMA, et al. Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial. Nature Medicine. 2023; 29: 1370-1378. [DOI:10.1038/s41591-023-02347-y]